Description:The cardiac sphincter, also known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), is located at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach. It is a muscular ring that surrounds the opening of the esophagus as it enters the stomach, and its main function is to prevent stomach contents from refluxing back up into the esophagus.

Description:Unlike the other branches of abdominal aorta, there are three unpaired branched arteries that supply the intestine. Superior mesenteric artery supplies the whole small intestine and proximal large intestine, whereas the branched celiac trunk supplies the spleen by splenic (lineal) artery, stomach by gastric artery (further branched as gastroduodenal arteries supplies blood to pylorus and duodenum of small intestine) and liver by common hepatic artery. Inferior mesenteric artery is responsible for supplying blood to the descending colon and sigmoid colon.

Description:Vagotomy refers to the surgical cutting of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that helps regulate gastric motility. Thus, vagotomy would decrease gastric motility, not increase it. On the other hand, abdominal distension, fear, and stress are all known to increase gastric motility. Abdominal distension activates stretch receptors in the stomach, which can stimulate contractions. Fear and stress activate the sympathetic nervous system, which can increase gastric motility as part of the body's fight-or-flight response.

Description:Sigmoidoscopy is typically done with the patient lying on their left side with their knees drawn up towards their chest. This position is called the left lateral position or the Sims' position.

Description: On the right side of the liver. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that sits on the right side of the liver in the upper right part of the abdomen. It is responsible for storing and releasing bile, a fluid that aids in the digestion of fats.