Description:The commonest cause of anemia varies depending on the population and the specific circumstances. However, globally, the most common cause of anemia is generally considered to be a lack of dietary iron, which is option a. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition that occurs when there is insufficient iron in the body to produce an adequate amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues. Without enough iron, the body is unable to produce an adequate number of healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia. While the other options you mentioned can also cause anemia, they are not as prevalent as iron deficiency anemia in most populations. B12 deficiency (option b) can lead to a type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia, but it is generally less common than iron deficiency anemia. Bleeding disorders (option c), such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease, can cause anemia if there is excessive blood loss, but these disorders are relatively rare compared to iron deficiency. Hookworm infestation (option d) can lead to anemia through chronic blood loss, but it is more common in certain regions with poor sanitation and is not the most common cause of anemia globally.

Description:Ferritin is a protein that serves as the chief storage form of iron in the human body. It is found primarily in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Ferritin stores iron in a non-toxic and soluble form until it is needed for various biological processes. When iron is required by the body, ferritin releases iron ions that can be utilized for functions such as the synthesis of hemoglobin or other iron-dependent enzymes. Elementary iron (a) refers to the pure metallic form of iron and is not the chief storage form in the body. Iron hemoglobin complex (c) refers to the combination of iron and hemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen. Serum dextran (d) is not a natural component or storage form of iron in the human body.

Description:Calcium-containing foods, including milk, do not promote iron absorption. In fact, calcium can inhibit the absorption of iron. Calcium and iron compete for absorption in the intestinal tract, and high levels of calcium can decrease the absorption of iron. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid consuming calcium-rich foods or supplements at the same time as iron-rich foods or supplements to maximize iron absorption.

Description:Iron deficiency anemia can be present in all of the conditions mentioned except for DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation). a. CRF (Chronic Renal Failure): Iron deficiency anemia can occur in individuals with chronic kidney disease due to reduced production of erythropoietin, a hormone necessary for red blood cell production. Additionally, kidney disease can cause blood loss through the gastrointestinal tract, further contributing to iron deficiency. b. Thalassemia: Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production. Individuals with thalassemia can develop iron overload due to increased red blood cell destruction and frequent blood transfusions. However, some forms of thalassemia can also be associated with iron deficiency anemia, especially in individuals with decreased iron absorption or chronic blood loss. c. Sickle cell anemia: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, leading to their abnormal shape and reduced lifespan. Individuals with sickle cell anemia can experience chronic hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), which can lead to iron overload. However, iron deficiency anemia can also occur in individuals with sickle cell disease due to increased iron utilization or inadequate iron intake. d. DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation): DIC is a complex and potentially life-threatening disorder characterized by widespread activation of clotting within the blood vessels. Although DIC can lead to anemia due to blood loss, iron deficiency anemia is not directly associated with this condition. a. CRF (Chronic Renal Failure): Iron deficiency anemia can occur in individuals with chronic kidney disease due to reduced production of erythropoietin, a hormone necessary for red blood cell production. Additionally, kidney disease can cause blood loss through the gastrointestinal tract, further contributing to iron deficiency.

Description:a. Iron absorption is not taking place: In CRF, there can be impaired absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract due to reduced production of gastric acid and other factors. This can lead to decreased iron availability for red blood cell production. b. Unable to convert iron to transferrin form: Iron is normally stored in the body as ferritin, and it needs to be converted to a form called transferrin to be transported to the bone marrow for red blood cell production. In CRF, this conversion process may be impaired, leading to inadequate iron delivery to the bone marrow. d. Increased RBC destruction: In CRF, there can be an increased breakdown of red blood cells due to various factors, including uremic toxins, abnormal red blood cell shape, and decreased red blood cell lifespan. This increased destruction of red blood cells contributes to iron deficiency anemia. While decreased erythropoietin secretion is a characteristic of CRF, it is not the primary cause of iron deficiency anemia in this condition. Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. In CRF, decreased erythropoietin secretion leads to a condition called anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is different from iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia can occur in addition to anemia of CKD in patients with CRF.

Description:"Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by reduced hemoglobin and packed cell volume, reduced mean corpuscular volume, and microcytic hypochromic cells on a peripheral smear" is accurate. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia and is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin levels and packed cell volume (hematocrit), resulting in a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It also leads to a decrease in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which refers to the size of red blood cells, making them smaller (microcytic). Additionally, iron deficiency causes a reduction in hemoglobin content within red blood cells, resulting in hypochromic appearance on a peripheral blood smear.

Description:MCHC stands for Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration. These parameters reflect the size and hemoglobin content of the RBC.

Description:Complete Blood Count (CBC) results in iron deficiency anemia include the following: Low mean corpuscular volume (MCV), low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Elevated platelet count (>450,000 μL) in most cases.

Description:Microcytic anemia refers to a type of anemia where the red blood cells are smaller than normal, while hypochromic anemia refers to a condition in which the red blood cells have a reduced amount of hemoglobin, which is the pigment responsible for carrying oxygen. Iron deficiency is a common cause of microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Iron is an essential component of hemoglobin, and when there is insufficient iron available, the body cannot produce an adequate amount of normal red blood cells, resulting in smaller cells with reduced hemoglobin content. Vitamin B12 deficiency (choice a) can cause a different type of anemia known as megaloblastic anemia, characterized by larger red blood cells. Folic acid deficiency (choice c) can also cause megaloblastic anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia (choice d) refers to anemia caused by blood loss and does not necessarily exhibit microcytic, hypochromic features.

Description:Macrocytic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of larger-than-normal red blood cells (macrocytes). This condition is typically associated with deficiencies in certain nutrients, particularly vitamin B12 and folate. a. Liver disease: Liver disease can lead to macrocytic anemia due to impaired production of red blood cells and disruption of the normal metabolism of vitamin B12 and folate. b. Iron deficiency anemia: Iron deficiency anemia is a different type of anemia characterized by small red blood cells (microcytic) and low levels of hemoglobin. It does not typically cause macrocytic anemia. c. Thiamine deficiency: Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency can lead to a condition called megaloblastic anemia, which is a type of macrocytic anemia. Thiamine deficiency can disrupt red blood cell production and cause the cells to be larger than normal. d. Vitamin B12 deficiency: Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common cause of macrocytic anemia. It impairs the production of red blood cells and leads to the formation of larger cells. Therefore, out of the options given, the characteristic of macrocytic anemia is not associated with iron deficiency anemia (option b).

Description:Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells called megaloblasts. It is usually caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate, which are essential for normal red blood cell production. Among the options you provided, the correct answer is indeed option a, Ileal resection. The ileum is the final segment of the small intestine, and it is responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12. When a portion of the ileum is surgically removed (ileal resection), it can result in impaired absorption of vitamin B12, leading to megaloblastic anemia. While Crohn's disease (option b) can also affect the small intestine, it doesn't necessarily involve ileal resection. However, if the disease affects the ileum and causes significant damage, it can lead to malabsorption of vitamin B12 or folate, potentially resulting in megaloblastic anemia. Appendicitis (option c) and cirrhosis (option d) are not directly associated with megaloblastic anemia. Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, which does not impact vitamin B12 or folate absorption. Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that can cause various complications, but it doesn't directly affect vitamin B12 or folate metabolism leading to megaloblastic anemia.

Description:Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a condition characterized by the destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), kidney damage, and low platelet count. One of the main causes of HUS is an infection with certain strains of E. coli bacteria, particularly the strain known as E. coli O157:H7. In HUS, the damaged red blood cells can fragment and form small clots within the blood vessels. These clots can lead to the obstruction of blood flow and result in the destruction of more red blood cells, causing anemia. This type of anemia is referred to as microangiopathic anemia. Microangiopathic anemia is characterized by the presence of fragmented red blood cells (schistocytes) in the blood smear, which are the result of their passage through damaged blood vessels. It is called "microangiopathic" because the destruction of red blood cells occurs within the small blood vessels (microvasculature). Therefore, the type of anemia present in hemolytic uremic syndrome is microangiopathic anemia (option a).

Description:The question is interpreted as “ what finding (except anemia) among given options is associated with acute blood loos?. Acute blood loss and dehydration are the major causes of acute postural hypotension. So postural hypotension is the correct answer.

Description:Yellowness of the skin is not a typical sign of anemia. It is more commonly associated with jaundice, which can occur due to liver dysfunction or excessive breakdown of red blood cells. Anemia, on the other hand, refers to a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin within red blood cells, leading to a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Typical signs of anemia include tachycardia (rapid heart rate), dyspnea on exertion (shortness of breath with physical activity), and lethargy (fatigue and lack of energy).

Description:The priority nursing diagnosis for a client with iron deficiency anemia would be option c: complaining of constipation and leg cramps. Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by a decrease in red blood cells caused by insufficient iron levels. It can lead to various symptoms, including constipation and leg cramps. These symptoms can significantly impact the client's quality of life and require immediate attention. Although options a and b (stained teeth and black stool) are associated with iron deficiency anemia, they are not the priority nursing diagnoses in this case. Stained teeth can occur due to chronic iron deficiency, and black stool is a potential sign of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with the condition. However, the immediate concern for the client would be addressing the discomfort and potential complications arising from constipation and leg cramps.

Description:a. Patient teeth are stained: Liquid iron therapy can cause teeth staining, especially if the iron is in direct contact with the teeth. It is recommended to take the iron supplement through a straw to minimize contact with the teeth and reduce the risk of staining. b. Stool is black in color: Iron supplements can cause a harmless side effect called "iron blackening," where the stool may appear black or dark green. This discoloration is due to the unabsorbed iron in the gastrointestinal tract. c. Complaints of constipation and leg cramps: Iron supplements can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as constipation. This occurs because iron can be constipating and slow down bowel movements. Additionally, some individuals may experience leg cramps as a side effect of iron supplementation.

Description:Anemia refers to a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. Several risk factors can contribute to the development of anemia, including chronic diseases, nutritional deficiencies, genetic disorders, and certain medical procedures. In the given options, gastric suction, NG drainage, and gastrostomy feeding are not directly associated with an increased risk of anemia. However, a gastrectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach. This procedure can lead to an increased risk of developing anemia due to several factors: Reduced production of intrinsic factor: The stomach produces intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is crucial for the production of healthy red blood cells. In a gastrectomy, the production of intrinsic factor is significantly reduced, leading to a decreased ability to absorb vitamin B12 and potentially causing anemia. Malabsorption of nutrients: The stomach plays a crucial role in the initial digestion and breakdown of food. After a gastrectomy, the digestive process is altered, leading to potential malabsorption of essential nutrients, including iron and folate. Iron and folate are essential for red blood cell production, and their deficiency can result in anemia. Decreased production of gastric acid: Gastric acid aids in the absorption of certain nutrients, including iron. After gastrectomy, there may be a decrease in gastric acid production, which can impair iron absorption and contribute to the development of anemia.

Description:Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. This means that both parents must carry at least one copy of the sickle cell gene in order for their child to have a chance of inheriting the condition. If both parents have sickle cell anemia, it means they each have two copies of the abnormal hemoglobin gene (HbS). When they have a child together, there is a 100% chance that the child will inherit one copy of the HbS gene from each parent, resulting in sickle cell anemia. In this scenario, the child will have two copies of the HbS gene, which leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin and the characteristic sickle-shaped red blood cells associated with the condition.

Description:Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a laboratory test used to separate and identify different types of hemoglobin in a person's blood. In sickle cell trait, which is a genetic condition, there is a presence of both normal hemoglobin (HbA) and abnormal hemoglobin (HbS). During hemoglobin electrophoresis, the test will typically show two bands for a person with sickle cell trait. One band represents the normal hemoglobin (HbA), and the other band represents the abnormal hemoglobin (HbS). This is in contrast to sickle cell disease, where there is a higher concentration of abnormal hemoglobin and the test may show three bands.

Description:Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin, low hemoglobin levels, and the presence of sickled red blood cells (RBCs). The abnormal hemoglobin causes the red blood cells to become rigid and take on a crescent or sickle shape, which can lead to various complications. The sickled red blood cells are prone to hemolysis (breakdown), leading to hemolytic anemia. So, all of the given options (low hemoglobin level and

Description:Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin, called hemoglobin S (HbS), which causes the red blood cells (RBCs) to become rigid and sickle-shaped. The disorder is caused by a mutation in the gene responsible for producing hemoglobin. Now let's go through the statements to understand why d is the incorrect one: a. Highest prevalence is seen in Africa: This statement is correct. Sickle cell anemia has the highest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is estimated that 70-90% of all sickle cell anemia cases occur. b. It is an autosomal recessive disorder: This statement is correct. Sickle cell anemia follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, meaning that both parents must carry and pass on the mutated gene for a child to have the disorder. c. Fetal hemoglobin is a protective factor: This statement is correct. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a type of hemoglobin that is present in developing fetuses. In individuals with sickle cell anemia, the persistence of high levels of HbF beyond infancy can have a protective effect by inhibiting the sickling of RBCs. d. High oxygen tension promotes sickling of RBC: This statement is incorrect. In sickle cell anemia, sickling of RBCs is triggered by low oxygen tension or low oxygen levels. When RBCs with hemoglobin S are exposed to low oxygen, they can deform and assume the sickle shape, which can lead to various complications.

Description:Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form of anemia characterized by abnormal hemoglobin, which causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped and prone to damage. The lifespan of sickle cells is significantly shorter than normal red blood cells, usually around 10-20 days. The other characteristics listed are correct: a. It is an inherited form of anemia: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation that is passed down from parents to their children. c. Acute chest syndrome: This is a serious complication of sickle cell disease, characterized by chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, and fever. It can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. d. Fetal Hb is a protective factor: Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a type of hemoglobin that is normally present in newborns and decreases as they grow older. In individuals with sickle cell anemia, having a higher level of fetal hemoglobin can help to reduce the severity of symptoms and complications. Fetal hemoglobin has a differe

Description:Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S. This abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become misshapen and rigid, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications. One of the physiological responses to sickle cell anemia is an increased production of red blood cells, a condition called hemolytic anemia. The body attempts to compensate for the destruction of the sickled red blood cells by producing new red blood cells at an increased rate. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. In sickle cell anemia, the bone marrow increases the production of reticulocytes in an effort to replace the damaged red blood cells. Therefore, the parameter that would be increased in a child with sickle cell anemia is the reticulocyte level.

Description:Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells. In individuals with sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells are abnormally shaped and can become sticky and clump together. The abnormal shape of the red blood cells in sickle cell anemia makes it more difficult for the Plasmodium parasite to infect and multiply within the cells. As a result, individuals with sickle cell anemia have a reduced risk of developing severe forms of malaria. However, it's important to note that sickle cell anemia does not provide complete immunity against malaria, and individuals with the condition can still contract the disease, albeit with a reduced severity. It's worth mentioning that sickle cell anemia does not provide protection against other mosquito-borne diseases like dengue, kala-azar, or chikungunya. The protective effect is specific to malaria due to the interaction between the altered red blood cells and the Plasmodium parasite.

Description:

Description:In sickle cell anemia, the β-chain of hemoglobin is affected. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS). This abnormal hemoglobin results from a mutation in the β-globin gene, which leads to the production of abnormal β-chains in the hemoglobin molecule. The abnormal β-chains cause red blood cells to become misshapen, rigid, and prone to clumping together, leading to various complications associated with the disease.