Description:Antiretroviral therapy is strongly recommended for all pregnant HIV-infected patients. One of the preferred dual Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor is combivir. Therefore the nurse expect these combination of ART is appropriate for these clients.

Description:Cytokines are not plasma-derived chemical medications. Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by various cells in the body, including immune cells, and are involved in cell signaling and communication. They are not derived from plasma, unlike the other options listed, which are all plasma-derived chemical medications. Complement components, kinins, and coagulation proteins are all derived from plasma and play important roles in the immune response and blood clotting.

Description:Cytokines are small proteins that play important roles in cell signaling and are involved in numerous biological processes including immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted by various cell types including neutrophils, B-lymphocytes, and endothelial cells, as well as by other cell types such as T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The specific cytokines that are secreted by each cell type can vary depending on the cell's function and the specific signaling pathway involved.

Description:Both histamine and cytokines can increase vascular permeability during acute inflammation. Histamine is released by mast cells and causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1, can also induce endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules and increase vascular permeability, allowing immune cells to migrate into the affected tissue. AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) is not known to play a role in increasing vascular permeability during inflammation.

Description:Vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability is the characteristic feature of acute inflammation. Acute inflammation is a localized, short-term response to tissue injury, infection or foreign substances. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability are the primary responses to acute inflammation, which are responsible for the cardinal signs of inflammation such as redness, heat, swelling, and pain. The increased vascular permeability leads to the leakage of plasma proteins and fluids into the surrounding tissues, causing swelling or edema.

Description:Prostaglandin. Prostaglandins are a group of lipid compounds that are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including inflammation and pain perception. They are produced by cells in response to injury or infection and cause an inflammatory response. They also sensitize pain receptors and lower the threshold for pain perception. Substance P is a neuropeptide that is involved in pain transmission. Endorphins are endogenous opioids that act as natural painkillers. Histamine is a substance involved in the immune response and is responsible for many allergy symptoms.

Description:Fibrinous exudate is a type of inflammatory exudate that is characterized by the presence of fibrin strands in the fluid. The fibrin strands form a meshwork that can be seen grossly, and it may also be visible in histological sections of affected tissue. Fibrinous exudate is typically seen in conditions such as pneumonia, pericarditis, and pleurisy. Hemorrhagic exudate contains red blood cells, which give it a red or bloody appearance. Serous exudate is a clear, straw-colored fluid that contains little or no protein. Purulent exudate is a thick, opaque fluid that contains large numbers of white blood cells, debris from dead cells, and often bacteria.

Description:When a wound occurs, the body's immediate response is inflammation, which involves the accumulation of white blood cells, including neutrophils, at the site of injury. Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the wound site and play a crucial role in fighting infection by engulfing and destroying bacteria and other foreign substances. After the initial inflammatory response, the next stage of wound healing involves the formation of granulation tissue (b), in which new blood vessels and connective tissue are formed to provide a framework for the subsequent stages of healing. The production of collagen fibrils (a) occurs later in the process, as the fibroblasts within the granulation tissue synthesize and deposit collagen to strengthen the wound. The term "first intentional healing" (c) is not a recognized stage or process in wound healing, and is therefore not a correct answer.

Description:The correct answer is. Puncture. A wound for a drainage system is usually created by making a small hole or puncture in the skin to allow fluid or pus to drain out. An incision involves making a larger cut with a sharp instrument, cautery involves burning tissue with a hot object or substance, and laceration involves a tear or rip in the skin caused by a blunt or sharp object.

Description:Actually, wound dehiscence is most likely to occur during the Reconstruction or Proliferative phase of wound healing. During this phase, the body is busy building new tissue to fill the wound, and the newly formed tissue is not yet fully matured or strong enough to withstand stress or tension on the wound site. Any external pressure or strain on the healing wound during this time can cause the incision or wound to open up, leading to dehiscence. So, the correct answer is d) Reconstruction phase.

Description:The term applied for the fluid, cells, or other substances that are slowly discharged from cells or blood through small pores or breaks in cell membranes is "Exudate".

Description:The soft, pink, fleshy projections consisting of capillaries surrounded by fibrous collagen are typically associated with granulation tissue. Granulation tissue is a type of healing tissue that forms in response to injury or inflammation and is characterized by the growth of new blood vessels and connective tissue. It is often seen in open wounds or after surgery as the body works to repair damaged tissue. Keloids, on the other hand, are raised, thickened areas of scar tissue that form at the site of an injury or incision and extend beyond the borders of the original wound. Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue that causes redness, swelling, and pain. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is an important component of connective tissue, such as skin, tendons, and ligaments.

Description:Smoking is most likely to inhibit wound healing by interfering with the mechanism that releases oxygen to tissue and reducing the amount of functional hemoglobin in the blood. Smoking causes vasoconstriction, reduces blood flow, and increases the production of carbon monoxide, which binds with hemoglobin and reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by red blood cells to the wound site. This leads to decreased oxygen availability in the tissue, which can impair wound healing. Obesity and radiation can also impair wound healing, but they do not specifically interfere with the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Description:Height, weight, and body mass do not directly lead to impaired wound healing process. Factors that can impair wound healing process include impaired oxygenation, obesity, smoking, drugs, diabetes mellitus, wound stress, radiation, malnutrition, and age.

Description:All of the above are potential complications of wound healing. Infection and suppuration can occur if bacteria or other pathogens invade the wound site, leading to inflammation and the formation of pus. Hypertrophied scar or keloid formation can occur when the body produces too much collagen during the healing process, leading to the formation of thick, raised scars. Contracture can occur when the skin and underlying tissues tighten and shrink during healing, leading to reduced mobility and function in the affected area.

Description:The timing for removal of dressing over a closed wound can vary depending on the type and location of the wound, as well as the specific instructions provided by the healthcare provider. However, in general, the dressing is usually removed according to the healthcare provider's instructions, which may depend on factors such as the type and location of the wound, the healing progress, and the presence of any complications.

Description:The frequency of inspecting dressings after surgery may vary depending on the type of surgery, the condition of the patient, and the surgeon's instructions. However, in general, it is common practice to inspect the dressings every 2 to 4 hours for the first 24 hours after surgery. This allows for early detection of any bleeding, drainage, or infection, which can be promptly addressed to prevent complications. Option B, "Two to four hours for the first 24 hours," is the most appropriate answer. It is important to follow the specific instructions provided by the surgeon or healthcare provider regarding dressing changes and inspection frequency.

Description:Healing by primary intention, also known as primary wound healing, is a type of healing that occurs in healthy wounds with minimal tissue loss. In this type of healing, the edges of the wound are brought together with the help of sutures, staples, or adhesive strips, allowing the epithelial layer to grow over the wound and form a seal. Since there is minimal tissue loss, there is minimal granulation tissue formation, which is a type of tissue that forms during the healing process in response to inflammation. Therefore, all of the options are correct.

Description:Healing by secondary intention occurs when a wound is left open to heal naturally without surgical closure. This type of healing is typically seen in extensive tissue damage, such as large or deep wounds or infected wounds. Wound contraction occurs as the edges of the wound pull together, and abundant granulation tissue and scarring can be seen as the body works to repair and replace damaged tissue.

Description:Actually, option d (pressure dressing and dry cold application) is not the recommended method for promoting healing of a laceration. The most effective ways to promote healing of a laceration are: a. Keeping the wound clean: This involves cleaning the wound with mild soap and water, and covering it with a sterile dressing to prevent infection. b. Applying direct pressure: This can help stop bleeding and promote clotting. c. Keeping the wound moist: This can promote healing and reduce scarring. This can be done using a moist dressing or by applying an ointment or cream to the wound. d. Resting the affected area: Resting the affected area can reduce pain and promote healing. e. Avoiding certain activities: Avoiding activities that may cause the wound to reopen or become infected, such as swimming or soaking in a hot tub. Antibiotics may be necessary if the wound is infected, but they are not necessary for all lacerations. Daily dressing changes may also be necessary to keep the wound clean and prevent infection, but they are not always required. Finally, pressure dressing and range of motion (ROM) exercises may be used in some cases to promote healing and prevent stiffness, but this is not the first-line treatment for all lacerations.

Description:Plasma proteins, especially albumin, play an important role in maintaining fluid balance in the body. They help to keep fluid within blood vessels and prevent it from leaking out into the surrounding tissues. If the level of plasma proteins drops below a certain threshold, it can lead to a condition known as hypoalbuminemia, which can cause edema (swelling) in the body. The normal range for plasma protein level is around 6-8 g/dL. A level below 5 g/dL is considered low and can increase the risk of edema. Therefore, option a is correct.

Description:In order to stop bleeding from an open wound, pressure must be applied to the affected artery. The pressure should be applied proximal to the wound, meaning closer to the heart and further up the affected limb, as this will help reduce blood flow to the wound. Indirect pressure is typically applied using a tourniquet or pressure point techniques. It's important to release the pressure regularly to ensure the tissue doesn't become damaged due to a lack of blood flow.

Description:The type of healing that occurs in a decubitus ulcer which is treated with debridement and moist gauze dressing is secondary intention healing. Secondary intention healing occurs when a wound is left open and allowed to heal from the bottom up by filling in with new tissue. Debridement removes damaged tissue and bacteria, and moist gauze dressings keep the wound bed moist to facilitate healing. Tertiary intention healing involves leaving a wound open for several days and then closing it surgically. Regeneration of cells refers to the replacement of damaged tissue with new cells, while remodeling of tissues refers to the maturation and reorganization of new tissue.

Description:An incision is a cut that's made in your skin during a surgery or procedure. Sometimes, this is also called a surgical wound. The size, location and number of incisions can vary depending on the type of surgery.

Description:The components of granulation tissue are angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), fibroblasts (cells that produce collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins), and chronic inflammatory cells (such as macrophages).