Description:The Philadelphia chromosome is primarily associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It is a specific genetic abnormality that results from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This translocation creates a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1, which produces a protein with abnormal tyrosine kinase activity. This fusion protein plays a central role in the development of CML. The Philadelphia chromosome is not typically seen in breast cancer (option a), Burkitt lymphoma (option c), or Hodgkin's lymphoma (option d). Each of these types of cancer has distinct genetic alterations and molecular characteristics.

Description:The highest incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia (All) is in children 0f 4-12 years of age

Description:Easy bruising, signs of bleeding (petechiae), bone and joint pain, anorexia, weight loss, paleness, pain, lymphadenopathy and night sweats are the common symptoms of All. Anorexia and weight loss is common not weight gain.

Description:Malignancy affecting the granulocytic cells, such as leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes, can lead to a decrease in normal functioning white blood cells, particularly granulocytes. Granulocytes are important for the body's immune response against infections. When their production or function is impaired due to malignancy, it can result in a weakened immune system, making the affected individual more susceptible to infections. While fatigue, anemia, and bleeding can be associated with certain types of malignancies, they are not specifically characteristic of malignancies affecting granulocytic cells. Fatigue and anemia can be caused by a range of factors, including blood loss, nutrient deficiencies, or other systemic effects of malignancy. Bleeding can occur due to problems with platelets or blood clotting factors. However, in the context of granulocytic malignancies, the primary concern is the increased risk of infection due to compromised immune function.

Description:Bone marrow biopsy is a procedure commonly used in the diagnosis of various blood disorders and malignancies. It involves the collection and examination of a sample of bone marrow, which is the soft, spongy tissue found inside certain bones. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Bone marrow biopsy is crucial for diagnosing CML. It helps in evaluating the number, size, and appearance of abnormal cells in the bone marrow, such as the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome or BCR-ABL fusion gene, which are characteristic of CML. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Bone marrow biopsy is an essential diagnostic tool for ALL. It helps determine the presence of abnormal lymphoblasts in the bone marrow, their characteristics, and the extent of involvement. This information aids in confirming the diagnosis and assessing the disease stage. Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Bone marrow biopsy is used to determine the involvement of Hodgkin's lymphoma in the bone marrow. It helps assess the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, the hallmark cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma, and evaluate the extent of disease spread. In summary, bone marrow biopsy is valuable in diagnosing CML, ALL, and Hodgkin's lymphoma, making option d) the correct answer.

Description:The most common childhood malignancy is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). ALL is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells and is most commonly diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 5. It accounts for approximately 25% to 30% of all childhood cancers. The other options you mentioned, including AML (acute myeloid leukemia), Wilms tumor, and retinoblastoma, are also childhood malignancies but are less common compared to ALL.

Description:The commonly seen leukemia in older adults is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), not acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), or chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). CLL is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells and typically progresses slowly. It is more common in older individuals, particularly those over the age of 60.

Description:Leukemia and lymphoma are types of cancers that affect the blood and lymphatic system, respectively. They are often treated with a combination of chemotherapeutic drugs for several reasons: Tackling drug resistance: Cancer cells can develop resistance to individual drugs over time, making them less effective. By using a combination of drugs, it becomes more difficult for the cancer cells to develop resistance to all the drugs simultaneously. This approach helps to overcome or delay the development of drug resistance. Maximizing the effect of therapy: Different chemotherapeutic drugs target cancer cells through various mechanisms. By using a combination of drugs with different modes of action, it is possible to target cancer cells from multiple angles, increasing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. This approach helps to maximize the therapeutic effect and improve the chances of eliminating or controlling the cancer. Minimizing side effects: Chemotherapy drugs can have significant side effects on healthy cells in the body. By using a combination of drugs at lower individual doses, it is possible to achieve a similar therapeutic effect while reducing the toxicity to normal cells. This approach can help minimize the side effects associated with treatment. Therefore, the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs for treating leukemia and lymphoma aims to tackle drug resistance, maximize the therapeutic effect, and minimize side effects, making option d (Both b and c) the correct answer.

Description:Patient has chances for bleeding from decreased platelet count. So, bleeding precautions should be initiated which includes using soft toothbrush to prevent gum bleeding

Description:Thrombocytes (platelets) plays a major role in blood clotting. Thrombocytopenia (decreased platelet count) leads to decreased coagulability of blood and results in hematuria (blood in urine)

Description:Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) commonly affects individuals younger than 15 years. ALL is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells, particularly the lymphocytes, which are a type of immune cell. It is the most common type of leukemia in children, accounting for about 75-80% of cases in pediatric patients. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are more commonly seen in adults.

Description:When a client is diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the priority nursing care is the management of pain. AML is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. The disease process can cause pain due to several factors, including bone marrow infiltration, organ involvement, and side effects of treatment. Managing pain in clients with AML is essential for their comfort and overall well-being. The nurse should assess the client's pain levels regularly using appropriate pain scales and ask about the location, intensity, quality, and duration of pain. Pharmacological interventions, such as analgesics, may be administered as prescribed to provide pain relief. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as positioning, relaxation techniques, and distraction, can also be utilized to alleviate pain. While weakness and fatigue (a) are common symptoms in AML, managing pain takes priority as it directly affects the client's quality of life. Ecchymosis (c) is a manifestation of bleeding tendencies often associated with low platelet counts in AML, but it is not the priority nursing care. Hypertension (d) is not typically associated with AML and is not the priority nursing concern in this case.

Description:Cyclosporin is a medication commonly used to prevent graft versus host disease (GVHD) in patients undergoing organ transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). GVHD occurs when the transplanted cells or organs recognize the recipient's tissues as foreign and mount an immune response against them. Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressive drug that helps suppress this immune response, reducing the risk of GVHD.

Description:Allopurinol is the first-line drug for urate-lowering therapy. It is a purine analogue which competitively inhibits xanthine oxidase, reducing the production of uric acid. It does not have role in excretion of uric acid. It is neither an anti inflammatory nor an analgesic.

Description:The main adverse effect of the drug L-asparaginase is hyperglycemia. L-asparaginase is an enzyme used in cancer treatment, particularly in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It works by depleting the levels of asparagine, an amino acid necessary for the growth and survival of cancer cells. However, L-asparaginase can also affect normal cells, including the pancreas, which can lead to a decrease in insulin production and an increase in blood glucose levels, resulting in hyperglycemia. Therefore, option b, hyperglycemia, is the correct answer.

Description:Among the given options, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) commonly affects individuals who are over the age of 50. CLL is a type of cancer that affects the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. It typically progresses slowly, and many people with CLL can live for years without requiring treatment. However, the disease may eventually progress and require medical intervention.

Description:The type of leukemia that commonly affects individuals in the age group of 15 to 39 years is acute lymphocytic leukemia (b. Acute lymphocytic leukemia). Acute lymphocytic leukemia, also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells, specifically the lymphocytes. It is more prevalent in children and young adults, although it can occur at any age.

Description:With regard to chemotherapy specifically, it describes the point at which blood cell counts are at their lowest after a chemotherapy treatment. It is commonly referred to as the “nadir period” or simply “nadir” among healthcare workers and patients.

Description:The lowest count that blood cell levels fall to is called the nadir. Normally, white blood cells have an approximate 6 hour life span of 10 days, and red blood cells have a life sapn of 120 days. So after chemotherapy, RBC reach their nadir period (lowest count) later than other WBC and plateltes due to its longer lifespan

Description:The main function of the kidneys is to regulate fluid balance and remove waste products from the body. The kidneys filter blood, remove excess water and waste products (such as urea, creatinine, and other toxins), and help maintain the body's electrolyte balance. Additionally, the kidneys also play a role in regulating blood pressure and producing certain hormones, such as erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells.

Description:The weight of the kidney can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, and overall health. However, on average, the weight of a healthy adult human kidney is approximately 150 grams. Therefore, option a, which states that the weight of the kidney is 150 g, is correct.

Description:The excretory unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron is responsible for the filtration, reabsorption, and secretion of various substances to produce urine. It consists of several components, including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. The nephron is the functional unit where urine formation takes place in the kidneys.

Description:The organs of the excretory system include the following: a. Skin: The skin plays a role in excretion by eliminating waste products such as sweat, which contains water, salts, and small amounts of urea. b. Kidneys: The kidneys are vital organs of the excretory system. They filter waste products, excess water, and electrolytes from the bloodstream to form urine. c. Liver: The liver is not part of the excretory system. Its primary functions include detoxification, metabolism of nutrients, production of bile, and storage of certain vitamins and minerals. d. Other organs: Besides the skin and kidneys, the excretory system also includes other organs such as the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which are involved in the transport and elimination of urine from the body.

Description:The interstitial fluid of the inner medulla of the kidney has the highest osmolality compared to the other regions listed. The inner medulla plays a crucial role in concentrating urine by creating a steep osmotic gradient. This region has specialized cells called the renal medullary interstitial cells, which actively transport ions and create a hypertonic environment. As a result, the interstitial fluid in the inner medulla has a high concentration of solutes, leading to its high osmolality.

Description: The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron. The nephron is responsible for the filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes that occur in the kidney, ultimately leading to the formation of urine. It consists of several components, including the glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.