Description:A random urine protein test is a test that measures the amount of protein in the urine. The normal range for protein in urine is 0-20 mg/dL. A small amount of protein in the urine is usually not a cause for concern. However, if the amount of protein in the urine is high, it may indicate a kidney problem. Here are some of the causes of high protein in the urine: Kidney disease. Kidney disease can damage the kidneys, which can lead to an increased amount of protein in the urine. Nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is a condition that causes the kidneys to leak protein. Dialysis. Dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that can cause an increased amount of protein in the urine. Strenuous exercise. Strenuous exercise can cause an increased amount of protein in the urine. Pregnancy. Pregnancy can cause an increased amount of protein in the urine. If you have high protein in your urine, you should see a doctor to determine the cause.

Description:The normal serum creatinine level is 0.5-1.1 mg/dL. Creatinine is a waste product that is produced by the muscles. It is removed from the blood by the kidneys. A high serum creatinine level can indicate kidney damage or kidney failure. Here are some of the factors that can affect serum creatinine levels: Age. Serum creatinine levels tend to be higher in older adults. Sex. Serum creatinine levels tend to be higher in men than in women. Muscle mass. People with more muscle mass tend to have higher serum creatinine levels. Kidney disease. Kidney disease can cause serum creatinine levels to rise. Medications. Some medications, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, can increase serum creatinine levels. If you have a high serum creatinine level, your doctor may order other tests, such as a urinalysis, to assess your kidney function. A serum creatinine level of 0.5-1.1 mg/dL is considered normal. A level above 1.1 mg/dL may indicate kidney damage or kidney failure. However, it is important to note that serum creatinine levels can vary depending on a number of factors, so it is important to talk to your doctor about your individual results.

Description:The answer is c. 24 hours. Creatinine clearance is a test that measures the amount of creatinine the kidneys are able to clear in a 24-hour period. Creatinine is a waste product that is produced by the muscles and is removed from the blood by the kidneys. A low creatinine clearance can indicate kidney damage or kidney failure. Creatinine clearance is calculated using the following formula: Creatinine clearance = (urine creatinine concentration) x (urine volume) / (serum creatinine concentration) The urine creatinine concentration is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). The urine volume is measured in milliliters (mL). The serum creatinine concentration is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Creatinine clearance is typically expressed in milliliters per minute (mL/min). A normal creatinine clearance is 100-120 mL/min for men and 80-100 mL/min for women. If you have a low creatinine clearance, your doctor may order other tests, such as a urinalysis, to assess your kidney function. Here are some of the factors that can affect creatinine clearance: Age. Creatinine clearance tends to decline with age. Sex. Creatinine clearance tends to be lower in women than in men. Muscle mass. People with more muscle mass tend to have higher creatinine clearances. Kidney disease. Kidney disease can cause creatinine clearance to decline. Medications. Some medications, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, can decrease creatinine clearance. If you have a low creatinine clearance, you may be at an increased risk of developing kidney disease. It is important to talk to your doctor about your individual results and how to manage your kidney health.

Description:GFR stands for glomerular filtration rate. It is a measure of how well the kidneys are able to filter waste products from the blood. A normal GFR level is 120 mL/min for men and 100 mL/min for women. A low GFR level can indicate kidney damage or kidney failure. If you have a low GFR level, your doctor may order other tests, such as a urinalysis, to assess your kidney function. Here are some of the factors that can affect GFR: Age. GFR tends to decline with age. Sex. GFR tends to be lower in women than in men. Race. GFR tends to be lower in African Americans than in Caucasians. Kidney disease. Kidney disease can cause GFR to decline. Medications. Some medications, such as cyclosporine, can decrease GFR. If you have a low GFR level, you may be at an increased risk of developing kidney disease. It is important to talk to your doctor about your individual results and how to manage your kidney health.

Description:The normal range of pH of urine is from 4.5 to 8.0. The pH of urine can vary depending on a number of factors, including: Diet. Eating acidic foods, such as citrus fruits, can lower the pH of urine. Eating alkaline foods, such as vegetables, can raise the pH of urine. Fluid intake. Dehydration can lower the pH of urine. Drinking plenty of fluids can raise the pH of urine. Medications. Some medications, such as aspirin, can affect the pH of urine. Diseases. Some diseases, such as kidney disease, can affect the pH of urine. If the pH of urine is too low, it may indicate a condition called metabolic acidosis. If the pH of urine is too high, it may indicate a condition called metabolic alkalosis. It is important to talk to your doctor if you have any concerns about the pH of your urine.

Description:The pH of normal urine is slightly acidic. The normal range of pH for urine is 4.5 to 8.0. A pH of 7 is neutral, while a pH below 7 is acidic and a pH above 7 is alkaline. The acidity of urine is determined by the balance of acids and bases in the body. The kidneys help to regulate the pH of urine by excreting acids or bases as needed. There are a number of factors that can affect the pH of urine, including diet, fluid intake, medications, and underlying medical conditions. For example, eating acidic foods, such as citrus fruits, can lower the pH of urine, while eating alkaline foods, such as vegetables, can raise the pH of urine. If the pH of urine is too low or too high, it can indicate a medical problem. For example, a low pH can indicate a condition called metabolic acidosis, while a high pH can indicate a condition called metabolic alkalosis.

Description:The normal level of urea in the blood is 7-20 mg/dL. Urea is a waste product that is produced by the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys. The kidneys filter urea from the blood and excrete it in the urine. A high level of urea in the blood can indicate kidney disease or other medical problems. If you have a high level of urea in the blood, your doctor may order other tests to assess your kidney function. Here are some of the factors that can affect urea levels: Diet. A high-protein diet can increase urea levels. Fluid intake. Dehydration can increase urea levels. Kidney disease. Kidney disease can cause urea levels to rise. Liver disease. Liver disease can also cause urea levels to rise. If you have a high level of urea in the blood, you should talk to your doctor to determine the cause.

Description:The normal urine output per day in an adult is 800 to 2000 milliliters (mL) per day. This means that most adults should produce between 1.5 and 3 liters of urine per day. The amount of urine you produce each day can vary depending on a number of factors, including: Your fluid intake. The more fluids you drink, the more urine you will produce. Your activity level. If you are more active, you will produce more urine. Your diet. If you eat a high-protein diet, you will produce more urine. Your medications. Some medications can increase or decrease urine output. Your health. If you have a medical condition, such as kidney disease, you may produce less urine. If you are concerned about your urine output, you should talk to your doctor.

Description:The answer is d. Creatinine. Creatinine is a waste product that is produced by the muscles and is removed from the blood by the kidneys. It is normally found in urine in small amounts. Glucose, protein, and RBCs are not normally found in urine. If they are found, it can be a sign of a medical condition, such as diabetes, kidney disease, or a urinary tract infection. Here are some of the substances that are normally found in urine: Creatinine Urea Uric acid Electrolytes Water Here are some of the substances that are not normally found in urine: Glucose Protein RBCs WBCs Bacteria

Description:IVP is an invasive procedure that involves injecting a radio-opaque dye into the bloodstream. The dye travels through the kidneys and urinary tract, allowing the doctor to see the structures on an X-ray. If the patient has an allergy to iodine, the dye can cause a reaction. This reaction can be mild, such as hives, or it can be severe, such as anaphylaxis. It is important to assess the patient's history of allergy to iodine before the procedure. If the patient has an allergy to iodine, the doctor may need to use a different dye or take other precautions. The other assessments are also important, but they are not as critical as the history of allergy to iodine. Measurement of baseline peripheral pulse rates is important to assess the patient's cardiovascular status. However, the dye is not injected into the bloodstream until the procedure is underway, so the pulse rate will not change significantly before the procedure. History of intake and output is important to assess the patient's hydration status. However, the dye is not injected into the bloodstream until the procedure is underway, so the patient's hydration status will not change significantly before the procedure. Measurement of heights and weights is important to assess the patient's overall health. However, it is not as critical as the history of allergy to iodine. Therefore, the most critical assessment before an IVP using a radio-opaque dye is the history of allergy to iodine.

Description:A renal scan is a nuclear medicine test that uses radioactive tracers to assess the function of the kidneys. The tracers are injected into the bloodstream and travel to the kidneys, where they are filtered by the glomeruli. The tracers are then excreted in the urine. The renal scan can be used to assess renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular function, and excretion. It can also be used to diagnose kidney disease and to monitor the progression of kidney disease. The other tests are not as useful for assessing renal function. IVP is an X-ray test that uses a radio-opaque dye to visualize the kidneys and urinary tract. It can be used to diagnose kidney stones and other structural abnormalities of the kidneys. However, it is not as useful for assessing renal function. VCUG is an X-ray test that uses a radio-opaque dye to visualize the bladder and urethra. It is used to diagnose urinary tract infections and other structural abnormalities of the urinary tract. However, it is not as useful for assessing renal function. Ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of the body. It can be used to visualize the kidneys and urinary tract. However, it is not as useful for assessing renal function as a renal scan. Therefore, the renal scan is the best test for assessing renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular function, and excretion.

Description:The answer is a. Elevated. When a person is dehydrated, the urine becomes more concentrated. This is because there is less water in the body to dilute the urine. As a result, the specific gravity of the urine will be elevated. The specific gravity of urine is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It is measured on a scale of 1.000 to 1.030. A normal specific gravity is between 1.010 and 1.020. In a dehydrated client, the specific gravity of the urine may be as high as 1.030 or even higher. This is because the urine is very concentrated and there is very little water to dilute it. A high specific gravity of urine is a sign of dehydration. If you are dehydrated, you should drink plenty of fluids to rehydrate your body. The other options are incorrect. Decreased. The specific gravity of urine will not decrease in a dehydrated client. Normal. The specific gravity of urine may be normal in a dehydrated client if the client has been drinking fluids. Unpredictable. The specific gravity of urine is not unpredictable in a dehydrated client. It will be elevated.

Description:The answer is b. Decreased. Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the body does not produce enough of the hormone vasopressin. Vasopressin is a hormone that helps the kidneys conserve water. When there is not enough vasopressin, the kidneys do not conserve water and the urine becomes very dilute. The specific gravity of urine is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. A low specific gravity indicates that the urine is dilute. In a client with diabetes insipidus, the specific gravity of the urine will be low. This is because the urine is very dilute due to the lack of vasopressin. The other options are incorrect. Elevated. The specific gravity of urine will not be elevated in a client with diabetes insipidus. Normal. The specific gravity of urine may be normal in a client with diabetes insipidus if the client has been drinking fluids. However, this is not the typical presentation. Cannot measure. The specific gravity of urine can be measured in a client with diabetes insipidus.

Description:Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the body does not produce enough of the hormone vasopressin. Vasopressin is a hormone that helps the kidneys conserve water. When there is not enough vasopressin, the kidneys do not conserve water and the urine becomes very dilute. The specific gravity of urine is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. A low specific gravity indicates that the urine is dilute. In a client with diabetes insipidus, the specific gravity of the urine will be low. This is because the urine is very dilute due to the lack of vasopressin. The other options are incorrect. Elevated. The specific gravity of urine will not be elevated in a client with diabetes insipidus. Normal. The specific gravity of urine may be normal in a client with diabetes insipidus if the client has been drinking fluids. However, this is not the typical presentation. Cannot measure. The specific gravity of urine can be measured in a client with diabetes insipidus.

Description:Ketones are produced by the liver when the body breaks down fat for energy. There are three types of ketones: Acetone. Acetone is the most common type of ketone. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that has a fruity odor. Acetoacetic acid. Acetoacetic acid is a white, crystalline compound that is soluble in water. Beta-hydroxybutyrate. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a white, crystalline compound that is also soluble in water. Ketones can be present in the blood and urine. They are often used as a marker for diabetes. If you have high levels of ketones in your blood or urine, it is important to seek medical attention. High levels of ketones can be a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis, which is a serious complication of diabetes. Here are some of the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis: Dry mouth Increased thirst Frequent urination Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Rapid breathing Confusion If you experience any of these symptoms, you should seek medical attention immediately.

Description:Fouchet's test is a chemical test that is used to detect the presence of bilirubin in urine. The test is performed by adding a few drops of Fouchet's reagent to a sample of urine. If bilirubin is present, the urine will turn green or blue. Gmelin's test is another chemical test that is used to detect the presence of bilirubin in urine. The test is performed by adding a few drops of Gmelin's reagent to a sample of urine. If bilirubin is present, the urine will turn green or blue. Reagent strip test is a rapid test that is used to detect the presence of bilirubin in urine. The test strip is dipped in a sample of urine and then compared to a color chart. If bilirubin is present, the test strip will change color. All of these tests can be used to detect the presence of bilirubin in urine. However, the reagent strip test is the most common test that is used. Here are some of the conditions that can cause bilirubin to be present in urine: Jaundice. Jaundice is a condition that causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to turn yellow. It is caused by an increase in bilirubin in the blood. Liver disease. Liver disease can damage the liver and prevent it from removing bilirubin from the blood. This can cause bilirubin to be present in the urine. Biliary tract obstruction. Biliary tract obstruction is a blockage in the bile ducts. This can cause bilirubin to back up into the blood and urine. If you have any concerns about the presence of bilirubin in your urine, you should talk to your doctor.

Description:An IVP is a radiographic study that uses a radio-opaque dye to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The dye is injected into a vein in the arm and travels to the kidneys, where it is filtered by the glomeruli. The dye then travels to the ureters and bladder, where it can be seen on an X-ray. IVPs are commonly used to evaluate the structure and function of the urinary tract. They can be used to diagnose kidney stones, tumors, and other abnormalities of the urinary tract. The other options are incorrect. Cystoscopy is a procedure that uses a scope to look inside the bladder. It is not used to visualize the kidneys or ureters. Ureteroscopy is a procedure that uses a scope to look inside the ureters. It is not used to visualize the kidneys or bladder. Ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of the body. It can be used to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. However, it is not as useful for diagnosing kidney stones or tumors as an IVP. Therefore, the IVP is the best radiographic study for evaluating the structure and function of the urinary tract.

Description:Bile salts are produced in the liver and help to digest fats in the small intestine. They are composed of a steroid nucleus and a side chain. The side chain can be modified to form different types of bile salts. The three main types of bile salts that are present in the urine are: Cholic acid. Cholic acid is the most common type of bile salt. It is made in the liver and is then excreted in the bile. Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is a modified form of cholic acid. It is formed when cholic acid is dehydroxylated. Chenodeoxycholic acid. Chenodeoxycholic acid is another modified form of cholic acid. It is formed when cholic acid is dehydroxylated and then conjugated with glycine. Bile salts are normally present in the urine in small amounts. However, their levels can increase in certain conditions, such as liver disease and bile duct obstruction.

Description:Azotorrhea is the presence of excess nitrogenous substances in the feces and urine. It is a sign of kidney disease, liver disease, or malabsorption. The term "azotorrhea" comes from the Greek words "azotos," meaning "without nitrogen," and "rhoia," meaning "flow." The nitrogenous substances that are found in the feces and urine are called urea, creatinine, and ammonia. These substances are produced by the body as a byproduct of protein metabolism. When the kidneys are not functioning properly, they cannot remove these substances from the blood. As a result, they build up in the blood and are excreted in the feces and urine. Azotorrhea can also be caused by liver disease or malabsorption. Liver disease can damage the liver and prevent it from removing urea from the blood. Malabsorption can prevent the body from absorbing nutrients, including nitrogenous substances. If you have azotorrhea, you should talk to your doctor. They will need to determine the underlying cause of the condition and treat it accordingly. The other options are incorrect. Azotemia is the presence of excess nitrogenous substances in the blood. Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in the feces. Malena is the presence of blood in the stool.

Description:Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the body does not produce enough of the hormone vasopressin. Vasopressin is a hormone that helps the kidneys conserve water. When there is not enough vasopressin, the kidneys do not conserve water and the urine becomes very dilute. As a result, the urine specific gravity will be low in diabetes insipidus. The other options are correct. High protein diet. A high protein diet can increase urine specific gravity because protein is broken down into amino acids, which are then excreted in the urine. Dehydration. Dehydration can increase urine specific gravity because there is less water in the body to dilute the urine. Decrease renal perfusion. Decrease renal perfusion can increase urine specific gravity because the kidneys are not able to filter as much water out of the blood. Therefore, the only condition that does not cause an increase in urine specific gravity is diabetes insipidus.

Description:Azotemia is a condition in which there is an increase in nitrogenous substances in the blood. These substances are produced by the body as a byproduct of protein metabolism. The most common cause of azotemia is kidney disease. When the kidneys are not functioning properly, they cannot remove these substances from the blood. As a result, they build up in the blood and can cause a number of health problems, including nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion. Other causes of azotemia include dehydration, heart failure, and liver disease. Azotemia is a serious condition, but it can be treated. The treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition. If the cause is kidney disease, the treatment may include medication, dialysis, or a kidney transplant. The other options are incorrect. Azotorrhea is the presence of excess nitrogenous substances in the feces and urine. Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in the feces. Malena is the presence of blood in the stool.

Description:Purpura, arthritis, kidney disease and abdominal pain are in tetrad of hematuria

Description:Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and bladder cancer. The amount of blood in the urine can vary from a few drops to a large amount. Hematuria can be either gross (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic (only visible under a microscope). If you have hematuria, you should see a doctor to determine the cause. The doctor will likely order a urinalysis to check for the presence of blood and other abnormalities. The other options are incorrect. Hemosiderosis is the abnormal accumulation of iron in the body. Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production

Description:Pyuria is the presence of pus in the urine. Pus is a thick, white or yellow fluid that contains white blood cells. It is produced by the body's immune system to fight infection. Pyuria is a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). It can also be caused by other conditions, such as kidney stones, bladder cancer, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The amount of pus in the urine can vary from a few white blood cells per high-power field (HPF) to many white blood cells per HPF. Pyuria can be either gross (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic (only visible under a microscope). If you have pyuria, you should see a doctor to determine the cause. The doctor will likely order a urinalysis to check for the presence of pus and other abnormalities.

Description:Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder. It is a common urinary tract infection (UTI). The symptoms of cystitis include urinary urgency, frequency, and pain or burning during urination. The urine may also be cloudy or have a foul odor. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disease that causes the body to lose too much protein in the urine. It is not typically associated with urinary urgency or frequency. Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and bladder cancer. However, it is not typically associated with urinary urgency or frequency. Dysuria is painful urination. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including cystitis, kidney stones, and bladder cancer. However, it is not typically associated with urinary urgency or frequency. Therefore, the most probable diagnosis for a client who is complaining of urinary urgency and frequency and has a cloudy urine sample is cystitis.