Description:Retention is the inability to urinate despite the urge to do so. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including bladder infection, enlarged prostate, and neurological disorders. Incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including bladder infection, weakened pelvic floor muscles, and neurological disorders. Enuresis is the involuntary passage of urine after the age of 5 years. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including bladder infection, sleep disorders, and psychological problems. Encopresis is the involuntary passage of stool after the age of 4 years. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including constipation, neurological disorders, and psychological problems. Therefore, the inability to urinate despite the urge to do so is known as retention.

Description:Incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including bladder infection, weakened pelvic floor muscles, and neurological disorders. Retention is the inability to urinate despite the urge to do so. Enuresis is the involuntary passage of urine after the age of 5 years. Encopresis is the involuntary passage of stool after the age of 4 years. Therefore, the involuntary passing of urine is called incontinence. Here are some of the types of incontinence: Stress incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs with activities that increase pressure in the abdomen, such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing. Urge incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs suddenly and without warning. Overflow incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs because the bladder is too full and cannot be emptied completely. Functional incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs due to a physical or cognitive impairment that prevents the person from reaching the toilet in time. If you are experiencing incontinence, it is important to see a doctor to determine the cause and get treatment. There are a number of treatment options available, including medications, surgery, and behavioral therapy.

Description:Urge incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that is preceded by a strong urge to void. The urge to void is so strong that it is difficult to control. Stress incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs with activities that increase pressure in the abdomen, such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing. Overflow incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs because the bladder is too full and cannot be emptied completely. Functional incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs due to a physical or cognitive impairment that prevents the person from reaching the toilet in time. Therefore, the involuntary loss of urine that is preceded by a strong urge to void is urge incontinence. Here are some of the causes of urge incontinence: Bladder infection Weakened pelvic floor muscles Neurological disorders Medications Hormonal changes If you are experiencing urge incontinence, it is important to see a doctor to determine the cause and get treatment. There are a number of treatment options available, including medications, surgery, and behavioral therapy.

Description:Overflow incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs because the bladder is too full and cannot be emptied completely. This can happen due to a weak bladder muscle or to a blockage in the urethra. Stress incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs with activities that increase pressure in the abdomen, such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing. Urge incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs suddenly and without warning. Functional incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs due to a physical or cognitive impairment that prevents the person from reaching the toilet in time. Therefore, the leakage of urine due to weak bladder muscle or to blockage when the bladder becomes over distended is known as overflow incontinence. Here are some of the causes of overflow incontinence: Weak bladder muscle Bladder obstruction Medications Neurological disorders If you are experiencing overflow incontinence, it is important to see a doctor to determine the cause and get treatment. There are a number of treatment options available, including medications, surgery, and behavioral therapy.

Description:Functional incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs due to a physical or cognitive impairment that prevents the person from reaching the toilet in time. The lower urinary tract is intact in functional incontinence, but the person is unable to control their bladder due to other factors. Stress incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs with activities that increase pressure in the abdomen, such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing. Urge incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs suddenly and without warning. Overflow incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs because the bladder is too full and cannot be emptied completely. Therefore, the involuntary loss of urine that occurs due to a physical or cognitive impairment that prevents the person from reaching the toilet in time is functional incontinence. Here are some of the causes of functional incontinence: Immobility Cognitive impairment Delirium Stroke Parkinson's disease If you are experiencing functional incontinence, it is important to see a doctor to determine the cause and get treatment. There are a number of treatment options available, including medications, surgery, and behavioral therapy.

Description:Pneumaturia is the passage of gas or air from the urethra during or after voiding. It is a rare condition that can be caused by a number of factors, including: Bladder diverticulum. A bladder diverticulum is a small pouch that forms on the bladder wall. Colon-vesical fistula. A colon-vesical fistula is an abnormal connection between the colon and the bladder. Enlarged prostate. An enlarged prostate can press on the urethra and cause air to be trapped in the bladder. Deep sea diving. Deep sea diving can cause air to be trapped in the bladder. If you are experiencing pneumaturia, you should see a doctor to determine the cause and get treatment. There are a number of treatment options available, including surgery and medications. The other options are incorrect. Uremia is the presence of excess urea in the blood. Dysuria is painful urination. Strangury is a painful and difficult urination.

Description:Strangury is a painful and difficult urination. It is characterized by a burning sensation during urination and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. Strangury can be caused by a number of conditions, including: Urinary tract infection (UTI) Bladder stones Prostatitis Bladder cancer Neurological disorders If you are experiencing strangury, you should see a doctor to determine the cause and get treatment. There are a number of treatment options available, including antibiotics, medications to relax the bladder, and surgery. The other options are incorrect. Pneumaturia is the passage of gas or air from the urethra during or after voiding. Uremia is the presence of excess urea in the blood. Dysuria is painful urination. However, it is not characterized by a slow stream of urine.

Description:Both hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism can increase the risk of urinary calculi (kidney stones). Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. This can increase the amount of calcium in the urine, which can lead to the formation of kidney stones. Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone. This can also increase the amount of calcium in the urine, and can lead to the formation of kidney stones. Other risk factors for urinary calculi include: Dehydration Family history Certain medications Certain medical conditions Diet If you are at risk for urinary calculi, it is important to drink plenty of fluids, eat a healthy diet, and take steps to manage any underlying medical conditions.

Description:Dehydration, high-protein, salt, or glucose diet, and hyperparathyroidism condition are all risk factors for urinary stone. Dehydration can lead to the concentration of minerals in the urine, which can make it more likely that stones will form. A high-protein diet can increase the amount of calcium in the urine, which can also make it more likely that stones will form. A high-salt diet can increase the amount of calcium and oxalate in the urine, which can also make it more likely that stones will form. Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone. This can increase the amount of calcium in the urine, and can lead to the formation of kidney stones. Other risk factors for urinary stones include: Family history Certain medications Certain medical conditions Race Age If you are at risk for urinary stones, it is important to drink plenty of fluids, eat a healthy diet, and take steps to manage any underlying medical conditions.

Description:The nurse sends the renal calculi specimen to the laboratory for analyzing the composition of the calculi. This is done to determine the type of stone and to help develop a treatment plan. The composition of the stone can be determined by a number of methods, including: Physical examination. The stone can be examined for its color, shape, and size. Chemical analysis. The stone can be analyzed for its chemical composition. Microscopic examination. The stone can be examined under a microscope to look for crystals. The composition of the stone can help to determine the cause of the stone formation. For example, calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone. They are formed when there is too much calcium and oxalate in the urine. Treatment for kidney stones depends on the type of stone and the severity of the condition. However, in general, treatment options include: Medications. Medications can be used to dissolve the stone or to prevent the stone from forming again. Surgery. Surgery may be necessary to remove the stone if it is large or if it is causing pain or infection.

Description:Alkaline-ash diet is recommended for a client with cysteine stone. Client is instructed to avoid milk, meat, egg and cheese

Description:Cysteine stones are formed when there is too much cysteine in the urine. Cysteine is an amino acid that is found in protein. Therefore, people with cysteine stones are typically advised to eat a low-protein diet. The amount of protein that is considered to be low will vary depending on the individual. However, a general guideline is to consume no more than 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. In addition to a low-protein diet, people with cysteine stones may also be advised to: Drink plenty of fluids, especially water. Avoid foods that are high in oxalate, such as spinach, rhubarb, and beets. Take medication to prevent the formation of stones.

Description:Uric acid stones are formed when urine is too acidic. A diet rich in purines can increase urine’s acidic level. Purines are present in animal proteins, such as fish, shellfish, and meats. Here are some other facts about uric acid stones: They are the second most common type of kidney stone. They are more common in men than in women. They are more common in people who are overweight or obese. They are more common in people who have gout. Treatment for uric acid stones typically involves drinking plenty of fluids, taking medication to make the urine less acidic, and avoiding foods that are high in purines.

Description:Purine is a substance found in some foods that can break down into uric acid in the body. Uric acid stones are formed when there is too much uric acid in the urine. Therefore, people with uric acid stones are typically advised to avoid foods that are high in purine. Some foods that are high in purine include: Meats: Beef, pork, lamb, poultry, and fish. Seafood: Sardines, anchovies, mackerel, and scallops. Legumes: Lentils, beans, and peas. Nuts and seeds: Sunflower seeds, peanuts, and almonds. Organ meats: Liver, kidney, and sweetbreads. In addition to avoiding foods that are high in purine, people with uric acid stones may also be advised to: Drink plenty of fluids, especially water. Take medication to make the urine less acidic.

Description:Renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, are hard deposits that form in the kidneys. They can cause pain, bleeding, and urinary problems. Straining all urine is an important intervention for patients with renal calculi because it can help to catch small stones that may pass through the urinary tract. These stones can then be analyzed to determine their composition and help to guide treatment. Other interventions that may be appropriate for patients with renal calculi include: Drinking plenty of fluids. This helps to flush out the kidneys and prevent stones from forming. Taking medication. Medications can be used to dissolve stones or to prevent them from forming again. Surgery. Surgery may be necessary to remove stones that are large or that are causing pain or infection. Restricting fluids, increasing dietary purines, and maintaining bed rest are not appropriate interventions for patients with renal calculi.

Description:The fruit that is a rich source of oxalate and should be avoided in a patient with oxalate renal calculi is

Description:Mixed struvite stones. Mixed struvite stones are the most common type of stone associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). They are formed when bacteria in the urine produce ammonia, which combines with calcium and phosphate to form crystals. These crystals can then grow into stones. Other types of stones that can be associated with UTIs include: Calcium oxalate stones Cystine stones Uric acid stones However, mixed struvite stones are the most common type of stone associated with UTI

Description:A renal stone in the pelvic portion of the kidney can affect the drainage of urine from the kidney. When a stone forms in the renal pelvis, which is the area where the kidney collects urine before it flows into the ureter, it can obstruct the flow of urine. This obstruction can result in urinary stasis and may lead to several symptoms such as flank pain, urinary tract infections, and impaired kidney function. Afferent arterioles (option a) are responsible for bringing blood into the glomerulus, the filtering unit of the kidney, and a blockage in these arterioles would not directly affect the drainage of urine. Efferent arterioles (option b) carry blood away from the glomerulus, and a blockage in these arterioles would not directly affect the drainage of urine. Preventing urine concentration capacity (option d) is not directly related to the presence of a renal stone in the pelvic portion of the kidney. Urine concentration is primarily regulated by the function of the nephrons and the reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. Therefore, the most appropriate answer is c. A renal stone in the pelvic portion of the kidney can affect the drainage of urine from the kidney.

Description:The most common type of stones seen in the kidney is calcium stones. Approximately 80% of kidney stones are composed of calcium compounds, such as calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Option b, oxalate stones, is not the most common type but is a subtype of calcium stones. High levels of oxalate in the urine can combine with calcium to form crystals that can eventually develop into stones. Option c, pyruvate stones, is not a commonly seen type of kidney stone. Pyruvate stones are rare and are typically associated with specific metabolic disorders. Option d, mixed struvite stones, are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate and are often associated with urinary tract infections. While they can occur in the kidneys, they are less common than calcium stones. Therefore, the most common type of stones seen in the kidney is calcium stones (option a).

Description:Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of urinary stone, accounting for about 75% of all kidney stones. They are formed when there is too much calcium and oxalate in the urine. Oxalate is a substance that is found in some foods, such as spinach, rhubarb, and beets. Other types of urinary stones include: Struvite stones Cystine stones Uric acid stones Struvite stones are the second most common type of urinary stone, accounting for about 15% of all kidney stones. They are formed when bacteria in the urine produce ammonia, which combines with calcium and phosphate to form crystals. These crystals can then grow into stones. Cystine stones are the third most common type of urinary stone, accounting for about 5% of all kidney stones. They are formed when there is too much cystine in the urine. Cystine is an amino acid that is found in protein. Uric acid stones are the fourth most common type of urinary stone, accounting for about 5% of all kidney stones. They are formed when there is too much uric acid in the urine. Uric acid is a waste product that is produced when the body breaks down purines.

Description:Among the options provided, calcium oxalate is the most common substance responsible for stone formation. Calcium oxalate stones are a type of kidney stone that can develop when there is an excessive amount of calcium and oxalate in the urine. These stones can vary in size and may cause discomfort or pain when passing through the urinary tract. It's important to note that other factors, such as diet, fluid intake, and certain medical conditions, can also contribute to the formation of kidney stones.

Description:The pain in urolithiasis is caused by the movement of the stone within the urinary tract. As the stone moves, it can irritate the lining of the urinary tract, causing pain. The pain can be sharp, severe, and colicky. It can also be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine. The other options are incorrect. Pressure exerted by the stone can cause pain, but it is not the most common cause. Decreased water intake can increase the risk of kidney stones, but it does not cause pain. Disintegration of stone can cause pain, but it is not the most common cause.

Description:All of the food items mentioned in the options (potato chips, peanuts, and chocolate) are high in oxalate content. Oxalate is a naturally occurring compound found in many foods and can contribute to the formation of kidney stones in some individuals. Therefore, it is advisable for people prone to kidney stone formation or with certain medical conditions to limit their intake of foods high in oxalate.

Description: Both people with gout and people undergoing chemotherapy are at risk for developing uric acid stones. Uric acid stones are formed when there are high levels of uric acid in the urine. Uric acid is a waste product that is normally excreted in the urine, but when there is an excessive production or insufficient excretion of uric acid, it can crystallize and form stones. People with gout are at an increased risk of developing uric acid stones because gout is a condition characterized by high levels of uric acid in the blood. When the uric acid levels are high, it increases the likelihood of uric acid crystals forming in the kidneys and eventually leading to stone formation. Chemotherapy, particularly certain types of chemotherapy drugs, can also increase the risk of uric acid stone formation. Chemotherapy can cause rapid cell destruction, leading to an increased release of uric acid into the bloodstream. This can overwhelm the kidneys' ability to excrete uric acid, resulting in its accumulation and the formation of uric acid stones. Therefore, both individuals with gout and those undergoing chemotherapy are at risk for developing uric acid stones.

Description:Stress incontinence refers to the sudden loss of urine during activities that put pressure or strain on the bladder, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or lifting heavy objects. It occurs due to a weakness or dysfunction in the muscles and tissues that support the bladder and urethra. Urge incontinence (b) is characterized by a sudden, strong urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine. It is caused by an overactive bladder muscle that contracts too frequently or involuntarily. Overflow incontinence (c) occurs when the bladder is unable to empty completely, leading to constant or frequent dribbling of urine. This is usually caused by an obstruction or blockage of the urethra, or a weakened bladder muscle. Functional incontinence (d) refers to the inability to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or cognitive impairments, such as mobility issues, dementia, or mental disabilities. It is not specifically related to straining or sudden loss of urine.