Description:ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is a hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland. It stimulates the adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal gland. The adrenal cortex produces a number of hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. Cortisol is a hormone that helps the body to cope with stress. Aldosterone helps to regulate blood pressure and water balance. Androgens are male sex hormones. ACTH levels are typically highest in the morning and lowest at night. ACTH levels can be increased by stress, illness, and certain medications. A deficiency in ACTH can lead to a condition called Addison's disease. Addison's disease is characterized by low levels of cortisol, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. The other options are incorrect. The thyroid gland is stimulated by TSH, the ovaries and testes are stimulated by FSH and LH, and the hypothalamus is stimulated by CRH.

Description:The hormone from the posterior pituitary that increases water reabsorption in the kidney tubules is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water, leading to decreased urine volume and increased concentration of urine. This helps regulate water balance in the body.

Description:The answer is c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH, also known as vasopressin, is a hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. ADH helps to regulate water balance in the body by increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. ADH binds to receptors on the cells of the collecting ducts in the kidneys. This causes the cells to produce aquaporins, which are channels that allow water to pass through the cell membrane. As a result, more water is reabsorbed into the blood, which helps to lower the osmolarity of the blood. ADH is released in response to an increase in blood osmolarity or a decrease in blood volume. It is also released in response to stress, pain, and surgery. A deficiency in ADH can lead to a condition called diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by excessive urination and thirst. Rennin is a hormone that is produced in the kidneys. It helps to regulate blood pressure by converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Aldosterone is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex. It helps to regulate blood pressure and water balance by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is a hormone that is produced in the heart. It helps to regulate blood pressure by promoting the excretion of sodium and water in the kidneys.

Description:Excessive secretion of growth hormone can lead to both gigantism before the closure of the epiphyseal plates and acromegaly after the closure of the epiphyseal plates. Gigantism occurs when there is excessive growth hormone secretion before the closure of the epiphyseal plates during childhood and adolescence. This results in excessive linear growth and individuals with gigantism often become abnormally tall. Acromegaly, on the other hand, occurs when there is excessive growth hormone secretion after the closure of the epiphyseal plates, typically during adulthood. In acromegaly, there is overgrowth and enlargement of bones, soft tissues, and organs, leading to characteristic features such as enlarged hands, feet, facial features, and other skeletal abnormalities. So, the correct answer is that excessive secretion of growth hormone can lead to both gigantism before the closure of the epiphyseal plates and acromegaly after the closure of the epiphyseal plates. Cretinism, mentioned in option d, is a condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones during early development and is not related to growth hormone excess.

Description:Aldosterone is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex. It helps to regulate blood pressure and water balance by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys. Aldosterone binds to receptors on the cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the kidneys. This causes the cells to produce sodium channels, which allow sodium to pass through the cell membrane. As a result, more sodium is reabsorbed into the blood, which helps to increase blood pressure. Aldosterone also promotes the excretion of potassium in the urine. This helps to maintain the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. The other options are incorrect. Calcium is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH). Potassium is regulated by aldosterone and other hormones. Phosphorus is regulated by a number of hormones, including PTH and calcitriol.

Description: Hyperpigmentation is seen with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate the production and release of cortisol. In certain conditions, such as Addison's disease or Cushing's disease, there can be abnormal secretion of ACTH. In Addison's disease, there is a deficiency of cortisol and ACTH levels are elevated as the body tries to compensate. In Cushing's disease, there is excessive production of cortisol and ACTH levels are also elevated. In both cases, the excessive ACTH production can lead to hyperpigmentation of the skin, particularly in areas exposed to sunlight or friction, such as the face, neck, and elbows. So, the correct answer is c. ACTH.

Description:Growth hormone (GH) is a hormone that is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. The adenohypophysis is a gland in the brain that produces a number of hormones, including GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. GH is a protein hormone that helps to regulate growth and development. It is also involved in metabolism, muscle mass, and bone density. GH levels are typically highest during childhood and adolescence, when growth is most rapid. GH levels decline in adulthood, but they can be increased by exercise and certain medications. A deficiency in GH can lead to a condition called growth hormone deficiency. Growth hormone deficiency is characterized by short stature, delayed puberty, and low muscle mass. The other options are incorrect. The neurohypophysis is the posterior pituitary gland, which produces two hormones: oxytocin and vasopressin. The adrenal cortex produces a number of hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Description:All of the above are the lobes of pituitary. It has 3 lobe anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) and intermediate lobe.

Description:The thirst control center is located in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating various homeostatic processes, including thirst and fluid balance. When the body's fluid levels decrease, specialized cells in the hypothalamus called osmoreceptors detect the increased concentration of solutes in the blood. This triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland and stimulates the thirst control center in the hypothalamus. The thirst control center then initiates the sensation of thirst, prompting an individual to drink fluids in order to restore fluid balance. So, the correct answer is b. Hypothalamus.

Description:The anterior pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis, secretes several hormones that play important roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body. These hormones include: a. Prolactin (PRL): Prolactin is responsible for the stimulation of milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth. b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones, which are important for regulating metabolism and growth. c. Growth hormone (GH): Growth hormone is involved in promoting growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration. It has important effects on bone, muscle, and organ growth. So, all of these hormones—prolactin, TSH, and GH—are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Description:Conglutination is the process of aggregation of particulate antigens bound with agglutinins of more than one specificity. Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which acid and base react quantitatively with each other. Complement fixation test in immunological test that can be used to detect either specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient serum based on occurrence of complement fixation.

Description:Which of the following hormone is secreted by posterior pituitary?

Description:The anterior pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis, secretes several hormones that play important roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body. These hormones include: a. Prolactin (PRL): Prolactin is responsible for the stimulation of milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth. b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones, which are important for regulating metabolism and growth. c. Growth hormone (GH): Growth hormone is involved in promoting growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration. It has important effects on bone, muscle, and organ growth. So, all of these hormones—prolactin, TSH, and GH—are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. User Thyroid gland is present in: a. Chest b. Back c. Abdomen d. Neck Ans: d ChatGPT The correct answer is d. The thyroid gland is present in the neck. It is located in the lower part of the front of the neck, just below the larynx (voice box) and above the collarbones. The thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped, with two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the isthmus. It is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body and plays a crucial role in producing and releasing thyroid hormones, which are involved in regulating metabolism, growth, and development. So, the correct answer is d. Neck.

Description:Thyroid hormones are lipophilic, which means that they can easily pass through the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, they bind to intracellular receptors, which are proteins that are located in the nucleus of the cell. The binding of thyroid hormones to these receptors activates transcription of certain genes, which leads to the production of proteins that have a variety of effects on the body. The other options are incorrect. Parathyroid hormone, estrogen, and growth hormone are all hydrophilic, which means that they cannot easily pass through the cell membrane. As a result, they do not have intracellular receptors.

Description:Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the blood calcium level is too high. This can be caused by a number of factors, but it is not a complication of total thyroidectomy. The other options are all complications of total thyroidectomy. Hypocalcemia is a condition in which the blood calcium level is too low. This can occur if the parathyroid glands are accidentally removed during surgery. Hoarseness of voice can occur if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is injured during surgery. Other complications of total thyroidectomy include: Bleeding Infection Damage to the nerves that control the vocal cords Damage to the parathyroid glands Hypothyroidism If you are considering having a total thyroidectomy, it is important to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of surgery.

Description:The parathyroid glands, located near the thyroid gland in the neck, produce and release parathyroid hormone. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body. When blood calcium levels decrease, PTH is released and acts on the kidneys in several ways. One of the main actions of PTH on the kidneys is to increase the reabsorption of calcium from the urine back into the bloodstream, thereby promoting calcium retention. This helps to maintain adequate levels of calcium in the blood. Additionally, PTH inhibits the reabsorption of phosphate in the kidneys, leading to phosphate loss through urine. This action helps to lower phosphate levels in the blood. Therefore, parathyroid hormone acts on the kidney causing calcium retention and phosphate loss, as stated in option a.

Description:Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced by the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It helps to regulate blood calcium levels by lowering the amount of calcium that is released from the bones. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which has the opposite effect of calcitonin. PTH increases the amount of calcium that is released from the bones, which helps to raise blood calcium levels. So, calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland, and parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands

Description:Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid gland. Its main function is to help regulate calcium homeostasis in the body. When blood calcium levels rise, the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland release calcitonin. Calcitonin acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to decrease the levels of calcium in the blood. In the bones, calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity, which is responsible for breaking down bone tissue and releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This helps to decrease the release of calcium from the bones. In the kidneys, calcitonin promotes the excretion of calcium through urine, reducing the reabsorption of calcium back into the bloodstream. In the intestines, calcitonin inhibits the absorption of dietary calcium, thereby reducing the amount of calcium that enters the bloodstream through the digestive system. Overall, the role of calcitonin is to decrease calcium levels in the blood, making option a. "Decrease Ca level" the correct answer.

Description:Bile salts are not required for the absorption of calcium. They are required for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, but not for calcium. The other options are all required for the absorption of calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the amount of calcium that is released from the bones, which helps to raise blood calcium levels. Calcitonin lowers the amount of calcium that is released from the bones, which helps to lower blood calcium levels. Vitamin D helps the body to absorb calcium from the gut. So, bile salts are not required for the absorption of calcium, but PTH, calcitonin, and vitamin D are all required.

Description:The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands located near or embedded within the thyroid gland in the neck. Most individuals have four parathyroid glands, with two on each side of the thyroid gland. However, the exact number and location of parathyroid glands can vary slightly among individuals. The parathyroid glands play a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body by producing and releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps to increase blood calcium levels when they are low and maintain proper calcium homeostasis.

Description:Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) is a protein that binds to thyroid hormones and transports them through the blood. TBG levels increase during pregnancy, which can lead to an increase in total thyroid hormone levels. However, free thyroid hormone levels remain normal during pregnancy, so there is no risk of hyperthyroidism. Other conditions that can increase TBG levels include: Liver disease Estrogen therapy Genetic disorders Conditions that can decrease TBG levels include: Hypothyroidism Nephrotic syndrome Medications such as glucocorticoids So, TBG levels increase in pregnancy, liver disease, and estrogen therapy. However, TBG levels decrease in hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, and medications such as glucocorticoids.

Description:The primary function of the parathyroid gland is to regulate serum calcium levels. The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands located near or within the thyroid gland in the neck. The main hormone produced by the parathyroid glands is parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining proper calcium homeostasis in the body. When blood calcium levels decrease, the parathyroid glands release PTH. PTH acts on various target organs, such as bones, kidneys, and intestines, to increase blood calcium levels. In the bones, PTH stimulates the release of calcium from the bone tissue, increasing its concentration in the blood. In the kidneys, PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium from the urine back into the bloodstream, reducing calcium loss through urine. In the intestines, PTH indirectly increases calcium absorption by stimulating the production of active vitamin D, which enhances calcium absorption from the diet. The primary function of the parathyroid gland is therefore to regulate serum calcium levels

Description:The main function of parathyroid hormone is to increase the calcium level in the blood. It does this by: Increasing the rate of bone breakdown, which releases calcium into the bloodstream. Increasing the absorption of calcium from the gut. Increasing the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands, which are four small glands located in the neck, behind the thyroid gland. If the level of calcium in the blood falls too low, the parathyroid glands will release more parathyroid hormone. This will help to raise the level of calcium in the blood and prevent hypocalcemia. However, if the level of parathyroid hormone is too high, it can lead to hypercalcemia. This is a condition in which the level of calcium in the blood is too high. Hypercalcemia can cause a number of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, constipation, fatigue, and muscle weakness. In conclusion, the main function of parathyroid hormone is to increase the calcium level in the blood. It does this by increasing the rate of bone breakdown, increasing the absorption of calcium from the gut, and increasing the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.

Description:The mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) includes an increase in calcium absorption. When blood calcium levels decrease, the parathyroid glands release PTH to regulate calcium homeostasis. PTH acts on various target organs and tissues, including the bones, kidneys, and intestines. One of the important actions of PTH is to increase calcium absorption. PTH stimulates the production of active vitamin D (calcitriol) in the kidneys. Calcitriol, in turn, enhances the absorption of calcium from the intestines. This increased absorption helps to raise blood calcium levels. In addition to increasing calcium absorption, PTH also acts on the bones and kidneys. In the bones, PTH promotes the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue. This process releases calcium from the bones into the bloodstream, further increasing blood calcium levels. In the kidneys, PTH enhances the reabsorption of calcium from the urine, reducing calcium loss through urine and helping to conserve calcium in the body. Therefore, while PTH does have various effects, the primary mechanism of action is to increase calcium absorption, making option c. "Increase calcium absorption" the correct answer.

Description:The thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland that can store its hormone. The thyroid gland stores thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the form of thyroglobulin. When the body needs more thyroid hormones, the thyroglobulin is broken down and the hormones are released into the bloodstream. The other endocrine glands, such as the pituitary gland, the pancreas, and the adrenal glands, do not store their hormones. These glands release their hormones as soon as they are produced