Description:An intracranial (cerebral) aneurysm is a dilation of the walls of a cerebral artery that causes explosive headache. An explosive headache is often the first presenting symptoms of a bleeding cerebral aneurysm. Photophobia, seizures, and hemiparesis may occur later.

Description:Paraparesis (paraplegia) refers to partial (paresis) or complete (-plegia) loss of voluntary motor function in the pelvic limbs. Similar involvement of all four limbs is termed tetraparesis (tetraplegia) of quadriparesis (Quadriplegia). Hemiplegia refers to paralysis of one side of the body.

Description:Colorless drainage on dressing after surgery of brain tumor shows presence of cerebrospinal fluid, so it should be reported to doctor immediately.

Description:Cerebrospinal fluid always test positive for glucose.

Description:Intracerebral hemorrhage. Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most common type of intracranial hemorrhage, accounting for about 50% of all cases. It is caused by bleeding within the brain tissue. Subdural hemorrhage is the second most common type of intracranial hemorrhage, accounting for about 25% of all cases. It is caused by bleeding between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges) and the arachnoid mater (the middle layer of the meninges). Subarachnoid hemorrhage is the third most common type of intracranial hemorrhage, accounting for about 15% of all cases. It is caused by bleeding between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater (the innermost layer of the meninges). Extradural hemorrhage is the least common type of intracranial hemorrhage, accounting for about 10% of all cases. It is caused by bleeding between the dura mater and the skull. The symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage vary depending on the type and location of the hemorrhage. However, some common symptoms include: Sudden, severe headache Nausea and vomiting Seizures Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body Vision problems Changes in consciousness

Description:Maintaining the patency of the airway is the most critical step in caring for a patient with a head injury. Ensuring the airway is clear and unobstructed helps to prevent complications related to airway compromise and ensures adequate oxygenation to the brain and other vital organs. Once the airway is secure, other assessments and interventions can be performed to address peripheral perfusion, nutritional balance, and hydration. However, ensuring a patent airway takes precedence in the immediate care of a patient with a head injury.

Description:• Maintain cerebral perfusion is essential to prevent further brain damage. Hence, restoration of cerebral perfusion is the priority intervention at this time. • Tips: Use ABC (Airway, Breathing and circulation) principle to locate the answer. Hence altered cerebral perfusion is related to circulation and there are no other nursing diagnosis related to airway or breathing.

Description:The CSF contains a large amount of glucose. A rapid but highly unreliable test is glucose-content determination with the use of glucose oxidase paper. This method of detecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in rhinorrhea is no longer reliable screening or confirmatory test. Due to presence of reducing substance in the lacrimal-gland secretions, it can lead to false positive results. Test for beta 2-transferein is a most reliable test to determine whether the nasal drainage is CSF because the substance is only presence in CSF.

Description:Sweating. Sweating is not a symptom of head injury. Head injury can cause a variety of symptoms, including: Headache Nausea and vomiting Dizziness Loss of consciousness Confusion Slurred speech Vision problems Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body Changes in behavior If you experience any of these symptoms after a head injury, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Head injury can be a serious condition and can lead to long-term problems if not treated. Sweating can be a symptom of other conditions, such as fever, heat stroke, or anxiety. However, it is not a symptom of head injury.

Description:Vomiting and risk of aspiration are high when patient are in supine position. Semi prone or sims position facilities drainage from the mouth and prevents aspiration of fluids.

Description:A basilar skull fracture involves the base of the skull, and it can cause a communication between the cranial cavity and the nasal cavity, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to leak through the nose. This leakage of CSF is known as rhinorrhea and is a significant sign of a basilar skull fracture. Other signs and symptoms of a basilar skull fracture may include bruising around the eyes (raccoon eyes) and bruising behind the ears (Battle's sign). The other options (b. Frontal fracture, c. Temporal fracture, d. Nasal septal fracture) are not directly associated with the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid via the nose.

Description:Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of bleeding that occurs in the space between the brain and the thin tissues that cover it, known as the subarachnoid space. The most common cause of SAH is the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm, which is a weakened, bulging area in the wall of an artery in the brain. When the aneurysm ruptures, it leads to bleeding into the subarachnoid space, causing a sudden and severe headache, neurological symptoms, and potentially life-threatening complications. The other options (a. Embolism, b. Hypertension, d. Blunt trauma) may also cause brain bleeding, but they are not the leading causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Description:Cerebrum. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for most of the brain's functions, including conscious thought, movement, and sensation. Intracranial hemorrhage, also known as a brain bleed, is a type of stroke that occurs when there is bleeding within the brain. Intracranial hemorrhage most commonly occurs in the cerebrum, accounting for about 50% of all cases. The other options are incorrect. The cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordination, the medulla oblongata is responsible for vital functions such as breathing and heart rate, and the pons is a bridge between the cerebrum and the medulla oblongata. Intracranial hemorrhage is a serious condition that can be fatal. If you experience any symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage, such as sudden, severe headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures, weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, vision problems, or changes in consciousness, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

Description:After a craniotomy, the surgical site is vulnerable, and there is a risk of increased intracranial pressure. Elevated ICP can lead to serious complications and compromise brain function. Nurses must closely monitor the patient's neurological status and vital signs to detect any signs of increased ICP promptly. They should also implement measures to prevent or minimize factors that can contribute to elevated ICP, such as avoiding activities that cause straining, maintaining the head of the bed at an appropriate angle, and ensuring the patient's respiratory status is optimal. While options a. GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) assessment, b. Neutral position, and c. Prevent infection are also important aspects of postoperative care after a craniotomy, preventing an increase in ICP takes precedence due to its potential to cause immediate and severe complications.

Description:Capline. A capline bandage is a type of bandage that is used to stabilize the head and neck after a head injury. It is a soft, padded bandage that is placed around the head and neck and secured with ties. The capline bandage helps to prevent the head from moving too much and can help to reduce the risk of further injury. Spira and figure of eight bandages are also used in head injuries. However, they are not as effective as capline bandages in stabilizing the head and neck. Slings are used to support the arm and are not used for head injuries. Here are some tips for applying a capline bandage: Start by placing the bandage around the forehead and back of the head. Bring the bandage down under the chin and then back up over the top of the head. Secure the bandage with ties at the back of the head. Make sure the bandage is snug but not too tight. If you are applying a capline bandage to someone who is unconscious, you may need to have someone help you. You should also check the person's breathing and circulation regularly.

Description:Broca's area is a region in the frontal lobe of the brain, typically located in the left hemisphere (in right-handed individuals and many left-handed individuals). It is responsible for language production and plays a crucial role in the ability to articulate speech. Damage to Broca's area can result in a condition called Broca's aphasia, where a person may have difficulty forming words and expressing themselves verbally, even though they can understand language

Description:Unbound, unconjugated, circulating bilirubin crosses the blood-brain, and because it is lipid soluble, it penetrates neuronal and glial membranes. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia on a newborn can lead to accumulation of bilirubin in certain brain regions (particularly the basal nuclei) with consequent irreversible damage to these areas manifesting as various neurological deficits, seizures, abnormal reflexes and eye movements. This type of neurological injury in newborn is known as kernicterus.

Description:Noxious stimuli. Autonomic dysreflexia is a life-threatening condition that can occur in people with spinal cord injuries at or above the T6 level. It is caused by a sudden increase in blood pressure in response to a noxious stimulus below the level of the injury. Noxious stimuli can include things like a full bladder, a bowel movement, a skin rash, or a urinary tract infection. When a noxious stimulus occurs, it sends a signal to the spinal cord. The spinal cord then sends a signal to the sympathetic nervous system, which causes the blood vessels to constrict. This constriction of the blood vessels leads to an increase in blood pressure. In people with spinal cord injuries, the sympathetic nervous system is not able to regulate blood pressure as effectively as it does in people without spinal cord injuries. This means that the increase in blood pressure can be very severe and can lead to serious health problems, such as stroke, seizures, and even death. If you have a spinal cord injury, it is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia. These signs and symptoms can include: A sudden, severe headache Flushed skin above the level of the injury Sweating above the level of the injury Goosebumps above the level of the injury Nasal congestion Blurred vision Pounding in the chest Difficulty breathing If you experience any of these signs and symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Autonomic dysreflexia is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated. The treatment for autonomic dysreflexia is to identify and remove the noxious stimulus. This can be done by emptying the bladder, treating a urinary tract infection, or relieving pressure on a skin rash. If the noxious stimulus cannot be identified or removed, medication may be used to lower the blood pressure. Autonomic dysreflexia is a serious condition, but it can be prevented by being aware of the signs and symptoms and by taking steps to avoid noxious stimuli.

Description:• Client with spinal cord injury with paraplegia experience issues related to bladder control in the recovery period which is a major concern. • The sacral spinal cord segment i.e., S2-S4 segments in the place from which the spinal nerves travel to innervate the bladder. In case of spinal injury, this route of communication between bladder musculature and brain is compromised resulting in impaired bladder control.

Description:When a spinal cord injury occurs, pain may be one of the earliest and most common symptoms. The pain may originate at the site of injury or may radiate to other areas of the body. It often worsens with movement or activity. However, it's essential to note that the symptoms of a spinal cord injury can vary depending on the level and severity of the injury. The other options (a. Urinary incontinence, c. Bowel incontinence, d. Absence of cough and gag reflex) can also be associated with spinal cord injury, but they may not always be the most common or early symptoms. The presentation of symptoms can depend on the specific location and extent of the spinal cord injury.

Description:Neurogenic shock from massive vasodilation. Neurogenic shock is a condition that can occur after a spinal cord injury. It is caused by a sudden loss of sympathetic nervous system tone, which leads to widespread vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. This can lead to a number of other problems, including bradycardia, decreased heart rate. Hypovolemia is a condition in which there is not enough blood volume in the body. This can be caused by blood loss, dehydration, or other factors. Cardiac injury is damage to the heart muscle. This can be caused by a heart attack, a heart contusion, or other factors. Neuronal injury is damage to the nerves. This can be caused by a spinal cord injury, a brain injury, or other factors. The symptoms of neurogenic shock can include: Falling blood pressure Bradycardia Hypothermia Pale, clammy skin Confusion Loss of consciousness If you experience any of these symptoms after a spinal cord injury, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Neurogenic shock is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated. The treatment for neurogenic shock is to restore blood pressure and heart rate. This can be done with fluids, medications, and other interventions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary. Neurogenic shock is a serious condition, but it can be treated. With prompt medical attention, most people with neurogenic shock make a full recovery.

Description:Autonomic dysreflexia (also known as autonomic hyperreflexia) is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur in individuals with spinal cord injuries at or above the T6 level. It is a result of an exaggerated autonomic nervous system response to certain stimuli below the level of the injury. Common triggers include bladder distention, bowel impaction, pressure ulcers, and other painful or irritating stimuli. Clients with high cervical spine injuries are particularly at risk for autonomic dysreflexia due to the disruption of the normal autonomic control caused by the injury. Symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia may include severe hypertension (high blood pressure), bradycardia (slow heart rate), pounding headache, flushing of the skin above the level of injury, and sweating below the level of injury. Options a. Head injury, b. Neurogenic bladder, and d. Femur fracture are not directly associated with the increased risk of autonomic dysreflexia, although they can present their own set of complications and require appropriate management.

Description:Return of reflexes below the injury. Spinal shock is a temporary condition that occurs after a spinal cord injury. It is characterized by a loss of sensation and movement below the level of the injury. The reflexes are also lost below the level of the injury. As the spinal cord heals, the reflexes begin to return. This is a sign that the spinal cord is recovering and that the person is starting to improve. The other options are not signs of improvement after spinal shock. Cough and gag reflex are present even in people with spinal cord injuries. Spontaneous respirations are also present in people with spinal cord injuries. Urinary incontinence is a common problem in people with spinal cord injuries. It is important to note that the return of reflexes below the injury does not mean that the person will regain full function below the level of the injury. The amount of recovery that occurs will depend on the severity of the spinal cord injury and the location of the injury. If you have a spinal cord injury, it is important to work with your doctor to monitor your progress. Your doctor will be able to tell you if your reflexes are returning and if you are making progress in your recovery.

Description:Flaccid paralysis shows the presence of spinal shock.

Description:The client should be kept in flat in a supine position for approximately 4-12 hours post-operatively to prevent the complication of a painful spinal headache. Leakage of CSG from the puncture site is believed to be the causes of headache. By keeping the client in supine position, pressure of CSF is equalized, which prevents trauma to the neurons.