Description:• GBS is an inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) that presents within 2-4 weeks of a respiratory or GI infection. • It present as ascending weakness with areflexia • CSF picture of normal cell counts with raised proteins • Treatment consists of IVIG or plasmapheresis.

Description:In Guillain-Barré syndrome, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically shows a normal cell count (fewer than 5 cells/µL) and an elevated protein level (>45 mg/dL). This is known as albuminocytologic dissociation. The elevated protein level is thought to be due to the leakage of protein from the blood vessels into the CSF, which is caused by the inflammation of the nerve roots. The normal cell count suggests that there is no infection present. The other options are incorrect. Option b, normal cells and normal protein, is not a typical finding in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Option c, increased cells with low sugar, is a finding that is more consistent with meningitis or encephalitis. Option d, increased protein with increased cells, is a finding that is more consistent with a bacterial infection of the meninges.

Description:Ineffective airway clearance is a priority nursing diagnosis which needs immediate intervention by a nurse. Weakness of respiratory muscles decreases airflow, causing a gradual decline in vital capacity making breathing and clearing the airway through coughing difficult.

Description:In more than half the people who develop myasthenia gravis, their first signs and symptoms involve eye problem, such as dropping of one or both eyelids (ptosis), double vision (diplopia) which may be horizontal or vertical and improves or resolves when eye is closed.

Description:Immunosuppressant medications work to decreased the production of auto antibodies. The result in decreased immune system response at the neuromuscular junction (NMI) and limits muscle fatigue. A combination of corticosteroids (prednisone a prednisolone) and azathioprine remains the first-choice immunosuppressive drug alternative for most MG patients.

Description:Huntington’s disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative neurological hereditary disease of nervous system that results in involuntary choreiform movement and dementia.

Description:Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell that normally produce antibodies. In multiple myeloma, these plasma cells become cancerous and multiply out of control. This can lead to a number of complications, including neurological complications. The most common neurological complication in multiple myeloma is spinal cord compression. This occurs when a plasma cell tumor grows in the spine and presses on the spinal cord. This can cause pain, weakness, numbness, and difficulty walking. Other neurological complications in multiple myeloma can include: Cranial nerve palsies Peripheral neuropathy Hyperviscosity syndrome Amyloidosis The neurological complications of multiple myeloma can be serious, but they are often treatable. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent permanent damage. The other options are incorrect. Option a, brain, is not a common site of neurological involvement in multiple myeloma. Option c, cranial nerves, can be affected in multiple myeloma, but it is not as common as spinal cord compression. Option d, autonomic nervous system, can be affected in multiple myeloma, but it is not as common as the other complications listed.

Description:Ptosis, which refers to drooping of the upper eyelid, is one of the earliest and most characteristic signs of myasthenia gravis. It occurs due to weakness in the muscles that control the eyelids. As the day progresses and the affected individual uses their eye muscles, the weakness may worsen, leading to more noticeable ptosis and other symptoms. However, it is important to note that myasthenia gravis can present with a variety of symptoms, and not all individuals may experience ptosis as their initial sign. Other early signs may include double vision, difficulty speaking or swallowing, and muscle weakness in other parts of the body.

Description:Anti-AChR antibodies are the most reliable lab test for diagnosing autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG). These antibodies are produced by the body's immune system and attack the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on muscle cells. This can interfere with the transmission of nerve signals to the muscles, leading to muscle weakness. The anti-AChR antibody test is not always positive in people with MG, but it is positive in about 85% of cases. If the test is negative, other tests may be done to look for other types of antibodies that are associated with MG, such as anti-MuSK antibodies. The other options are incorrect. Option a, C-reactive protein, is a marker of inflammation. It is not specific for MG and can be elevated in a number of other conditions. Option c, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) test, is used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. Option d, anti-nuclear antibody, is a test that is used to screen for autoimmune diseases. It is not specific for MG and can be elevated in a number of other conditions.

Description:Huntington's disease is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. The clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease include chorea (involuntary movements), intellectual decline, and emotional disturbances. Unfortunately, at present, there are treatments available to manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life, but they cannot prevent the physical, mental, and behavioral decline associated with the condition. Thus, all of the options mentioned in the question are correct.

Description:Levodopa is a medication that is used to treat Parkinson's disease. It works by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in movement. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that affects the transmission of nerve signals to the muscles. This can cause muscle weakness, which can lead to fatigue, ptosis, and difficulty with activities of daily living. Levodopa is not typically used to treat myasthenia gravis. However, it may be used in some cases to help improve muscle strength and reduce fatigue. The effectiveness of levodopa in treating myasthenia gravis would be evaluated by looking for a decrease in muscle weakness and fatigue. This would be evidenced by a reduction in rigidity and tremor. The other options are incorrect. Option a, no ptosis, is a symptom of myasthenia gravis, but it is not a specific indicator of the effectiveness of levodopa. Option b, fatigue improving at the end of the day, is a general symptom of myasthenia gravis, but it is not specific for levodopa. Option c, reduction in short-term memory, is a side effect of levodopa, but it is not a specific indicator of its effectiveness in treating myasthenia gravis.

Description:• Problems with vision, including diplopia, can be an early symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Damage to nerve pathways that control eye movements are damaged in MS. • Ptosis (dropping of one of both eyelids) – Earliest sign of myasthenia gravis. • Pill rolling movements are seen parkinsonism. • Most common causes of Dementia is Alzheimer's disease.

Description:Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a neurological disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system. It is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to inflammation and damage. This results in muscle weakness, tingling, and in severe cases, paralysis. The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, is not directly affected by Guillain-Barre syndrome. Instead, the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, known as peripheral nerves, are the primary target of this condition.

Description:Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling the muscles of the body, including the muscles that control breathing. In GBS, the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of the nerve fibers. This can cause inflammation and damage to the nerves, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. If the paralysis ascends to the nerves that stimulate the thoracic area, it can cause respiratory distress. This is because the muscles that control breathing will be weakened or paralyzed, making it difficult to breathe. Respiratory distress is a serious complication of GBS. If it is not treated, it can lead to death. The other options are incorrect. Option a, elevated protein levels in the CSF, is a finding that is often seen in GBS, but it does not cause respiratory distress. Option b, respiratory infection, can occur in people with GBS, but it is not the most common cause of respiratory distress. Option c, absence of gag and cough reflex, can occur in people with GBS, but it does not usually cause respiratory distress.

Description:Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling the muscles of the body, including the muscles that control breathing. In GBS, the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of the nerve fibers. This can cause inflammation and damage to the nerves, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. The symptoms of GBS typically start in the legs and feet and then spread to the arms and upper body. The weakness can be mild or severe, and it can sometimes lead to paralysis. Other symptoms of GBS can include tingling, numbness, and difficulty breathing. The hallmark features of GBS are: Symmetric muscle weakness Diminished reflexes Paresthesia (tingling or numbness) Elevated protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) The other options are incorrect. Option a, muscle atrophy and persistent reflexes, is not a typical feature of GBS. Option c, muscle atrophy convulsion and behavioral problems, is not a typical feature of GBS. Option d, symmetric muscle weakness, increased tone and persistence, is not a typical feature of GBS.

Description:In multiple sclerosis (MS), certain exercise programs can be beneficial for maintaining overall health and managing some symptoms. However, individuals with MS should be cautious about activities that can lead to dehydration. Since MS can affect the central nervous system, including the parts responsible for regulating body temperature and thirst, patients may have difficulty recognizing and responding to dehydration. It's essential for individuals with MS to stay well-hydrated during any physical activity to prevent overheating and potential exacerbation of symptoms. Drinking enough fluids before, during, and after exercise is crucial for managing their condition effectively. Options a and b (aerobic activities and increased heart rate) are generally considered beneficial for many individuals with MS, as they can help improve cardiovascular health and overall fitness. However, it is essential for each person with MS to consult their healthcare provider before starting any exercise program to ensure it is suitable for their specific condition and capabilities.

Description:Parkinsonism is a group of movement disorders that are characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Tremor is the most common early symptom of Parkinsonism. It is a rhythmic shaking that typically affects the hands, arms, and head. The tremor is often worse when the person is at rest and it can be relieved by movement. The other symptoms of Parkinsonism, such as rigidity and bradykinesia, tend to develop later. Rigidity is increased muscle tone that makes it difficult to move the limbs. Bradykinesia is slowness of movement that can make it difficult to perform simple tasks, such as buttoning a shirt or tying shoelaces. Postural instability is difficulty maintaining balance that can lead to falls. Chorea is a type of movement disorder that is characterized by involuntary, jerky movements. Chorea is not a symptom of Parkinsonism.

Description:Manganese is an element that, in excessive amounts, can cause a condition known as manganism, which shares similarities with Parkinson's disease and is often referred to as "parkinsonism." Manganism is a neurological disorder characterized by symptoms such as movement difficulties, muscle rigidity, tremors, and speech problems. It is caused by chronic exposure to high levels of manganese, which can occur in certain occupational settings, such as industrial workers exposed to manganese dust or fumes. While copper, zinc, and iron are essential trace elements required for various physiological processes in the body, excessive levels of any of these elements can also lead to health issues. However, they are not typically associated with causing parkinsonism. Manganese, on the other hand, has been identified as a potential cause of parkinsonism when exposure levels are elevated.

Description:• Cognitive impairment is a significant non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). So, cognitive impairment is likely to be a finding in a patient with Parkinson’s disease. So, absence of cognitive impairment is not a correct answer. • All other given symptoms are present in Parkinson’s disease.

Description:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative brain disease that slowly erodes memory and thinking skills, and eventually even the ability to carry out simple tasks. It is the most common causes of dementia. The hippocampus in the temporal lobe is one of the earliest affected brain regions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its dysfunction is believed to underline the core feature of the disease-memory impairment.

Description:Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system mainly affecting the motor system. Parkinson’s disease is primarily caused by low and falling dopamine levels.

Description:The three cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease are tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. Tremor is the most apparent and well-known symptom. It is also most common and earliest sign of Parkinson’s disease.

Description:Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system. One of the most common symptoms of Parkinson's disease is resting tremor. Resting tremor is a rhythmic shaking that occurs when the affected limb is at rest. The tremor can be mild or severe, and it can be worse when the person is stressed or anxious. There are a number of things that can be done to help reduce resting tremor. One of the most effective things is to hold an object. Holding an object can help to keep the affected limb from shaking. Other things that can help include: Physical therapy Medications Deep brain stimulation The attending nurse should advise Mr. Prem to hold an object when he is experiencing resting tremor in his right hand. This will help to reduce the tremor and make it less frustrating. The other options are incorrect. Option a, taking a warm bath, may help to relax Mr. Prem, but it will not reduce the resting tremor. Option c, practicing deep breathing, may help to reduce anxiety, but it will not reduce the resting tremor. Option d, giving diazepam as needed, is a medication that can be used to treat resting tremor, but it should not be used without the advice of a doctor.

Description:The hippocampus is one of the primary brain regions affected earliest in Alzheimer's disease. It plays a crucial role in memory formation and consolidation. In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first areas to experience neurodegeneration and the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, which are characteristic pathological features of the disease. As Alzheimer's disease progresses, the neurodegenerative changes spread to other regions of the brain, leading to more widespread cognitive and functional decline. The involvement of the hippocampus in the early stages of the disease is why memory loss and difficulties in forming new memories are often prominent early symptoms of Alzheimer's.

Description:Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system. One of the earliest symptoms of Parkinson's disease is a tremor in the hands, which is often described as a pill-rolling tremor. This tremor is a rhythmic, involuntary movement of the thumb and fingers that resembles the action of rolling a pill. The tremor is often worse when the person is at rest and it can be relieved by movement. Other early symptoms of Parkinson's disease can include: Slowness of movement (bradykinesia) Rigidity of the muscles Loss of facial expression Difficulty walking Speech problems The other options are incorrect. Option a, akinesia, is a symptom of Parkinson's disease that refers to a lack of movement. Option b, ptosis, is a drooping of the eyelid. Option c, dementia, is a decline in cognitive function that can occur in people with Parkinson's disease, but it is not an early symptom.