Description:Laser ablation or photoablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it using high energy UV photons. En bloc dissections are autopsy techniques in which visceral organs are removed in large bulk. Debulking is the process of reducing the volume of tumor as much as possible. Diathermy is the use of high-frequency electromagnetic currents as a form of physical or occupational therapy and in surgical procedures.

Description:Palliative surgery is surgical intervention targeted to make a patient’s symptoms less severe, thus make the patient’s quality of life better despite negligible impact on the patient’s survival. It a done by debulking tumors so as to relieve several symptoms because of excessive large tumor.

Description:Predisposing factors for development of oral carcinoma include: • Tobacco use (Smoking) • Alcohol • Prolong sun exposure • HPV infection • Male gender • Fare skin • Measured age • Poor oral hygiene • Marijuana use • Weak immune system.

Description:The lower lip is the most common site of oral cancer, accounting for about 40% of all cases. The tongue is the second most common site, accounting for about 25% of cases. Other common sites of oral cancer include the hard palate, the soft palate, and the gums. Oral cancer can also occur in the salivary glands, but this is less common. The risk factors for oral cancer include smoking, alcohol use, and the human papillomavirus (HPV). Smoking is the most important risk factor for oral cancer, and it is responsible for about 75% of cases. Alcohol use is also a major risk factor, and it increases the risk of oral cancer by about 20 times. HPV is a virus that can cause certain types of cancer, including oral cancer. The symptoms of oral cancer can include a lump or sore in the mouth that does not heal, a change in the color of the mouth, bleeding from the mouth, and difficulty chewing or swallowing. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early detection and treatment of oral cancer is important, as it can lead to a cure in most cases. However, if oral cancer is not detected early, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening.

Description:Cancer of the tongue, also known as tongue cancer or oral tongue cancer, has several risk factors associated with its development. Among the options provided, the consumption of alcohol is a well-known risk factor for oral cancer, including cancer of the tongue. It's important to note that cancer development is a complex process, and multiple factors can contribute to its occurrence. Other risk factors for tongue cancer may include tobacco use (including smoking and smokeless tobacco), human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poor oral hygiene, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables. However, out of the options given, the consumption of alcohol is specifically linked to the development of tongue cancer.

Description:Laryngeal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the larynx, which is the voice box. Hoarseness is a common symptom of laryngeal cancer, and it can be persistent. Other symptoms of laryngeal cancer include a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, and pain in the throat. Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx, and it can also cause hoarseness. However, laryngitis is usually not persistent, and it usually goes away on its own within a few weeks. Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, and it can also cause hoarseness. However, tonsillitis is usually not persistent, and it usually goes away on its own within a few days. Cancer of the esophagus is a type of cancer that starts in the esophagus, which is the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. Cancer of the esophagus can cause hoarseness, but it is not as common as hoarseness caused by laryngeal cancer. If you have persistent hoarseness, it is important to see a doctor to get a diagnosis. Laryngeal cancer is a serious disease, but it is treatable if it is caught early.

Description:Persistent hoarseness of voice that is lasting more than two weeks should be evaluated because it is one of the most common warning signs of laryngeal cancer.

Description:As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, the most common cancer in India among men is oral cavity cancer (a. Cancer of the oral cavity). Oral cavity cancer includes cancers of the tongue, lips, gums, cheeks, and the floor and roof of the mouth. It's important to keep in mind that cancer statistics can change over time due to various factors, including changes in lifestyle, healthcare, and environmental factors. Therefore, for the most up-to-date information on cancer prevalence in India, it is advisable to refer to the latest reports from reliable health organizations or the Indian government's health department.

Description:According to the World Cancer Research Fund, lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world among male population, accounting for about 11.6% of all cancers in men. It is also the leading cause of cancer death in men, accounting for about 18.4% of all cancer deaths in men. The risk factors for lung cancer include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and exposure to certain occupational carcinogens. Smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer, and it is responsible for about 80% of cases. The symptoms of lung cancer can include a cough that does not go away, shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early detection and treatment of lung cancer is important, as it can lead to a cure in some cases. However, if lung cancer is not detected early, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, accounting for about 9.9% of all cancers in men. It is also the second leading cause of cancer death in men, accounting for about 13.0% of all cancer deaths in men. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men, accounting for about 7.5% of all cancers in men. It is also the third leading cause of cancer death in men, accounting for about 9.6% of all cancer deaths in men. Oral cavity cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, accounting for about 5.2% of all cancers in men. It is also the fourth leading cause of cancer death in men, accounting for about 6.6% of all cancer deaths in men.

Description:The most common cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Smoking tobacco, including cigarettes, is the leading risk factor for lung cancer. It is estimated that around 80-90% of lung cancer cases are directly linked to smoking. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can damage the cells in the lungs, leading to the development of cancerous tumors over time. While other factors like exposure to air pollution and occupational hazards (such as mine workers being exposed to certain carcinogens) can also contribute to lung cancer risk, smoking remains the most significant and preventable cause of lung cancer. Family history can also play a role, but it is not as prevalent as smoking as a primary cause of lung cancer.

Description:The most common cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Smoking tobacco, including cigarettes, is the leading risk factor for lung cancer. It is estimated that around 80-90% of lung cancer cases are directly linked to smoking. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can damage the cells in the lungs, leading to the development of cancerous tumors over time. While other factors like exposure to air pollution and occupational hazards (such as mine workers being exposed to certain carcinogens) can also contribute to lung cancer risk, smoking remains the most significant and preventable cause of lung cancer. Family history can also play a role, but it is not as prevalent as smoking as a primary cause of lung cancer.

Description:As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. Lung cancer is a highly aggressive form of cancer that often presents at an advanced stage, making it challenging to treat successfully. The primary risk factor for lung cancer is smoking, which is responsible for a significant proportion of lung cancer cases. While prostate cancer (option a) is a common cancer among men, it is not the leading cause of cancer death. Colorectal cancer (option c) is also prevalent, but lung cancer has a higher mortality rate. Oral cavity cancer (option d) is a significant health concern, but it is not as prevalent or deadly as lung cancer when considering cancer deaths among men globally.

Description:A persistent cough is the most common early sign of lung cancer. It is important to see a doctor if you have a cough that does not go away, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or coughing up blood. Other early signs of lung cancer can include: Chest pain: This can be a dull ache or a sharp pain that is worse when you breathe deeply. Shortness of breath: This can be caused by a tumor blocking the airways or by fluid buildup in the lungs. Weight loss: This can be a sign that the cancer is spreading to other parts of the body. Fatigue: This is a feeling of tiredness that does not go away with rest. Coughing up blood: This is a serious symptom that should be evaluated by a doctor right away. If you have any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early detection and treatment of lung cancer is important, as it can lead to a cure in some cases. However, if lung cancer is not detected early, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening.

Description:Smoke and the carcinogen irritate the respiratory mucosa which in turn lead to cough and change in chronic cough.

Description:Asbestos exposure can cause various health problems, including different types of cancer. Among the cancers listed in the options: a. Carcinoma of lung: Yes, asbestos exposure is a well-known risk factor for developing lung cancer, specifically a type known as mesothelioma, which is strongly associated with asbestos exposure. b. Carcinoma of esophagus: Asbestos exposure has been linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer, particularly in individuals with prolonged and heavy exposure to asbestos. c. Gastric carcinoma: Some studies suggest that asbestos exposure may be associated with an increased risk of stomach (gastric) cancer. It's important to note that asbestos exposure can also lead to other health issues, such as asbestosis (a chronic lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers) and pleural plaques (thickened areas on the lining of the lung). Asbestos is a known carcinogen, and its use has been restricted or banned in many countries due to its harmful health effects.

Description:The liver is the most common site for metastasis in lung cancer. This is because the liver is a large organ that is located near the lungs. Cancer cells can easily travel from the lungs to the liver through the bloodstream. Other common sites for metastasis in lung cancer include: Bones: The bones are another common site for metastasis in lung cancer. This is because the bones are avascular, which means that they do not have a lot of blood flow. Cancer cells can easily travel to the bones and grow there. Brain: The brain is a less common site for metastasis in lung cancer. However, it is still a serious complication that can be fatal. Adrenal glands: The adrenal glands are two small glands that sit on top of the kidneys. They produce hormones that are important for the body's metabolism. Cancer cells can travel to the adrenal glands and grow there. If you have lung cancer, it is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of metastasis. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early detection and treatment of metastasis can improve the chances of survival. The other options are not as common sites for metastasis in lung cancer. Kidney, stomach, and spleen are not as common as liver for metastasis in lung cancer.

Description:Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, and approximately 80% of lung cancer cases are directly attributed to cigarette smoking. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can damage the cells in the lungs, leading to the development of cancerous tumors over time. The other statements are not entirely accurate: a. 75% of the lung cancers are small cell in type: This statement is not true. Small cell lung cancer accounts for about 10-15% of all lung cancer cases, while non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is more common, making up about 85-90% of lung cancer cases. c. Routine screening has proved beneficial: While lung cancer screening with low-dose CT scans is recommended for certain high-risk individuals, such as heavy smokers, routine screening for the general population is not universally recommended. It is important to consult healthcare professionals to assess individual risk factors and determine the need for lung cancer screening. d. 25% of lung cancers are large cell anaplastic: This statement is not true. Large cell carcinoma is a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and accounts for about 10-15% of all NSCLC cases. It is not specifically estimated to be 25% of all lung cancers.

Description:Coughing is the most common symptom of lung cancer. It is important to see a doctor if you have a cough that does not go away, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or coughing up blood. Other common symptoms of lung cancer can include: Chest pain: This can be a dull ache or a sharp pain that is worse when you breathe deeply. Shortness of breath: This can be caused by a tumor blocking the airways or by fluid buildup in the lungs. Weight loss: This can be a sign that the cancer is spreading to other parts of the body. Fatigue: This is a feeling of tiredness that does not go away with rest. Coughing up blood: This is a serious symptom that should be evaluated by a doctor right away. If you have any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early detection and treatment of lung cancer is important, as it can lead to a cure in some cases. However, if lung cancer is not detected early, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. The other options are not as common as persistent or intense coughing in patients with lung cancer. Air hunger and exertional dyspnea are symptoms of respiratory distress, which can be caused by lung cancer but are not as specific to lung cancer as persistent or intense coughing. Cough with night sweats is a symptom that can be caused by lung cancer, but it is not as common as persistent or intense coughing.

Description:All the other statements regarding squamous cell carcinoma are true: b. It is more common in males: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is indeed more common in males than in females. c. It has a strong association with smoking: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is strongly associated with smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for developing this type of lung cancer. d. Exposure to asbestos increases the risk of developing this condition: While smoking is the primary risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma, exposure to asbestos is also a known risk factor for developing this type of lung cancer. Asbestos exposure increases the overall risk of lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, especially in individuals with prolonged and heavy exposure to asbestos. It's important to note that while squamous cell carcinoma used to be the most common type of lung cancer in the past, the incidence of adenocarcinoma, another type of non-small cell lung cancer, has increased in recent years, and it has now become the most common type of lung cancer in many regions.

Description:a. It affects terminal bronchioles and alveolar region. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is a subtype of lung adenocarcinoma that arises from the terminal bronchioles and alveolar region of the lungs. It is characterized by the growth of cancer cells along the existing structures of the alveoli, without invading the surrounding tissue. The other statements are not entirely accurate: b. It may present only as a single nodule: Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma can present as a single nodule, but it can also manifest as multiple nodules or a diffuse pattern of infiltration. c. Second most common type of lung cancer: This statement is outdated. In the past, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma was considered a distinct type of lung cancer and was considered the second most common type. However, the classification of lung cancer has evolved, and the term "bronchioloalveolar carcinoma" is no longer used. Instead, adenocarcinoma is now the most common type of lung cancer and encompasses the previous category of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. d. Tumor destructs alveolar architecture: Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is characterized by the growth of cancer cells along the existing alveolar structures without destroying them. The cancer cells do not invade surrounding tissues, as is typical of other invasive lung cancers.

Description:The lungs are the most common site of metastasis for many types of cancer, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer itself. This is because the lungs are highly vascularized, meaning that they have a lot of blood vessels. This makes it easy for cancer cells to travel from the primary tumor to the lungs. Other common sites of metastasis include: Bones: The bones are another common site of metastasis for many types of cancer. This is because the bones are avascular, meaning that they do not have a lot of blood flow. Cancer cells can easily travel to the bones and grow there. Brain: The brain is a less common site of metastasis for many types of cancer. However, it is still a serious complication that can be fatal. Liver: The liver is a common site of metastasis for cancer that starts in the stomach, pancreas, or colon. If you have cancer, it is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of metastasis. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early detection and treatment of metastasis can improve the chances of survival. The other options are not as common as the lungs for metastasis. Bone, liver, and uterus are not as common as lungs for metastasis.

Description:Pneumonectomy (or is a surgical procedure to remove a lung. Removal of just one lobe of the lung is specifically referred to as a lobectomy, and that of segment of the lung as a wedge resection (or segmentectomy)

Description:Metastasis to the left supraclavicular lymph node, also known as Virchow's node, is commonly seen in Carcinoma of the stomach (gastric cancer). Virchow's node is a significant indicator of possible metastatic spread from abdominal organs, particularly the stomach. It is an enlarged lymph node located in the left supraclavicular area, and its enlargement can be a sign of advanced cancer in the abdomen, such as gastric cancer. The other options are not typically associated with metastasis to Virchow's node: b. Carcinoma of lung: Lung cancer typically spreads to regional lymph nodes and other distant sites but not specifically to Virchow's node. c. Wilms tumor: Wilms tumor is a type of kidney cancer that commonly affects children. While it can spread to nearby lymph nodes, it is not known to metastasize specifically to Virchow's node. d. Leukemia: Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, and its spread pattern involves the bloodstream rather than the lymphatic system, making metastasis to Virchow's node unlikely.

Description:Gastric carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the stomach. It is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer death. The risk factors for gastric carcinoma include: Chronic gastritis: This is a long-term inflammation of the stomach lining. It can be caused by a number of factors, including infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. H. pylori infection: This is a common bacteria that can infect the stomach lining. It is estimated that about 50% of the world's population is infected with H. pylori. Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome (HNPCC): This is a genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing a number of cancers, including gastric carcinoma. Family history of gastric carcinoma: People who have a family history of gastric carcinoma are at increased risk of developing the disease themselves. Age: Gastric carcinoma is more common in older adults. Gender: Men are more likely to develop gastric carcinoma than women. Diet: A diet high in salt and processed foods is associated with an increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Tobacco use: Tobacco use is a risk factor for a number of cancers, including gastric carcinoma. Higher socioeconomic class is not a risk factor for gastric carcinoma. In fact, some studies have shown that people from lower socioeconomic classes are at increased risk of developing the disease.

Description:a. Chronic gastritis and undergone surgery for gastric ulcer. All of the other options are associated with an increased risk for gastric carcinoma: b. Consuming preserved and smoked food: Diets high in preserved and smoked foods have been linked to an increased risk of gastric cancer, as these foods may contain carcinogenic compounds. c. Cigarette smoking: Smoking tobacco is a risk factor for many types of cancers, including gastric cancer. d. Increased consumption of citrus fruits: Consumption of citrus fruits, which are high in antioxidants and vitamins, is generally associated with a reduced risk of certain cancers.