Description:The major complications for the client with chronic diabetes who do not control their blood glucose level are neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy and diabetic foot ulcer and even certain cardiovascular disorder. The clinical feature in the given scenario shows that client had issues with the retina and hence the nurse should suspect retinal detachment.

Description:After tympanoplasty surgery, the client should not be allowed to take for a certain period of weeks, patient should be advised not to blow their nose forcefully, dressing should changed at regular intervals and patient should be advised not to have any flight trave because it increase the interval pressure within the ear and causes further damage to the operated site.

Description:The most common nursing diagnosis for the client with hearing disorder would be the communication problem with the other person. Presbycusis is a kind of hearing loss related to the person aging. Other nursing diagnosis are not related to the given condition.

Description:In otosclerosis, there will be an abnormal tissue growth over the bone present in the middle ear, especially over the stapes bone, hence the surgical produced should be used to remove the stapes bone which is known as stapedotomy. Other mentioned surgeries are not relevant to treat the otosclerosis.

Description:• Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that is caused by a virus called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). HHV-8 is a common virus that is found in many people, but it only causes KS in people who have a weakened immune system. • People with HIV are more likely to develop KS because their immune system is weakened by the virus. KS is one of the most common cancers in people with HIV. • KS can appear as purple or brown spots on the skin. It can also affect the internal organs, such as the lungs, liver, and spleen.

Description:Limited Treatment Options: Unlike some other cancers, pancreatic cancer is less responsive to many standard cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Description:Primary prevention in the context of skin cancer involves taking measures to reduce the risk of developing skin cancer in the first place. Applying sunscreen creams and lotions while going out is a primary preventive measure as it helps to protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is a major risk factor for skin cancer. UV radiation from the sun can damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to mutations that may eventually lead to the development of skin cancer. By using sunscreen with adequate sun protection factor (SPF) and regularly applying it while exposed to the sun, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of sunburn and skin damage, thereby lowering their chances of developing skin cancer. The other options listed are not primary prevention measures for skin cancer: b. Professional skin examination and self-skin examination: These are secondary prevention measures, not primary prevention. They involve the early detection of suspicious skin changes or lesions to enable early diagnosis and treatment. c. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment for skin cancer: This is also a secondary prevention measure that aims to detect and treat skin cancer in its early stages to improve outcomes. d. Health education regarding treatment compliance of chemotherapy: This is not related to skin cancer prevention at all; it is focused on ensuring that individuals undergoing chemotherapy for cancer comply with their treatment regimen for better treatment outcomes. Remember, while sunscreen application is an essential primary preventive measure, it is also crucial to adopt other sun-safe behaviors, such as seeking shade during peak sun hours, wearing protective clothing, and using sunglasses to protect the skin and eyes from harmful UV radiation.

Description:Primary prevention means taking measures to prevent the disease from occurring in the first place. In the context of skin cancer, primary prevention includes actions that reduce the risk of developing skin cancer. Applying sunscreen (option a) is important, but it is considered a form of secondary prevention since it aims to reduce the progression or complications of an existing risk factor (UV exposure). On the other hand, option b, which involves professional skin examination (by a dermatologist) and self-skin examination, is a form of primary prevention. These actions are focused on early detection of suspicious skin changes or lesions that may indicate the presence of skin cancer or precancerous conditions. By identifying such changes early, individuals can seek timely medical attention and treatment, thus potentially preventing the progression of skin cancer or catching it at an early, more treatable stage

Description:Administration of Mesna with a chemotherapy agent helps in protecting the cells from the harmful effects of certain chemotherapy drugs, particularly preventing damage to the bladder lining caused by hemorrhagic cystitis.

Description:The drug that can produce dry mouth with swelling difficulty in the given condition is a. Dicyclomine.

Description:The highest priority intervention in the nursing plan of care for the patient with cancer who develops thrombocytopenia is b. Monitoring a platelet count, as it helps assess and manage the risk of bleeding, which is a critical concern in patients with low platelet levels.

Description:Apart from washing the area with a mild soap and water and patting it dry, not rubbing it, nursing responsibilities on promoting skin integrity in radiation therapy should also include other measures such as providing education on skincare, recommending appropriate moisturizers, and assessing for signs of skin damage or infection.

Description:TNM stands for b. Tumor, node, metastasis. It is a system used for staging and grading neoplasms (cancerous tumors) based on the extent of the primary tumor (T), the involvement of nearby lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M).

Description:The common cancer of the oral cavity is b. Squamous cell carcinoma. It is the most frequent type of oral cancer, arising from the squamous cells that line the mouth and throat.

Description:The most likely side effect to be expected in a male patient receiving external radiation to the neck for cancer of the larynx is c. Sore throat. Radiation to the neck can cause irritation and inflammation of the throat tissues, leading to discomfort and soreness.

Description:Lymph node metastasis is least common in c. Hard palate cancer among the mentioned head/neck cancers.

Description:Lung cancer is least amenable to screening. Unlike breast, cervix, and oral cavity cancers, lung cancer does not have a well-established and effective screening method for early detection, which makes it more challenging to identify in its early stages.

Description:Warning signs of lung cancer include persistent cough, bloody sputum, dyspnea, and d. Recurrent pleural effusion. Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the space around the lungs and can be a symptom of lung cancer.

Description:In the patient with terminal lung cancer, the focus of nursing care is on d. Providing pain control. Managing pain and ensuring the patient's comfort is a crucial aspect of care in the terminal stage of lung cancer. While other interventions like emotional support and nutritional support are essential, pain control takes precedence in ensuring the patient's quality of life and comfort during this critical time.

Description:A diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by d. Fine needle aspiration. Fine needle aspiration is a procedure where a small sample of cells or fluid is extracted from the suspicious breast lump and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present. Mammography (option b) is used for screening and initial evaluation of breast abnormalities, but fine needle aspiration or other biopsy methods are needed for a definitive diagnosis.

Description:When teaching a patient with advanced breast cancer about tamoxifen (Novate), the nurse should emphasize the importance of reporting c. Vision changes immediately. Tamoxifen can rarely cause serious eye problems, and any sudden changes in vision should be promptly reported to the healthcare provider for further evaluation.

Description:The nurse least likely identifies the method of early cancer detection as c. Annual digital rectal examination for a person over the age of 40. While digital rectal examination is a useful screening tool for detecting prostate cancer in men, it is not typically used as an annual screening method for other types of cancer in the general population. Other options like a yearly physical and blood examination (d), annual pap smear for sexually active women (b), and specific screenings based on risk factors are more common approaches to early cancer detection.

Description:Apart from the expected side effects of external radiation therapy, which include hair loss (a), ulceration of oral mucous membranes (b), and headache (d), c. Constipation is not typically associated with external radiation therapy. Other common side effects may include fatigue, skin irritation, and changes in appetite, but constipation is not a direct effect of external radiation to a specific area of the body.

Description:Radical prostatectomy. This procedure involves the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland along with surrounding tissues to treat localized prostate cancer. Other options listed, such as bilateral orchiectomy (b), transurethral resection of the prostate (T.U.R.P) (c), and transurethral resection of bladder tumor (T.U.R.B.T) (d), are not primary surgical interventions for prostate cancer.

Description:When the nurse is not performing any nursing procedure that involves radiation, a distance of d. 3 feet should be maintained from the patient. This distance helps reduce the nurse's exposure to any scattered radiation that may be present around the patient during certain medical procedures.