Description:The tendency of the body to maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external changes. A simple example of homeostatic is the body’ ability to maintain an internal temperature around 99.6℉, whatever the temperature outside.

Description:The process you described, where water moves from a hypotonic solution to another hypotonic solution through a selectively permeable membrane, is referred to as osmosis.

Description:1 L of 5% dextrose contain 50 g of glucose. Each gram glucose (carbohydrate) provides 4 kcal. Therefore 3 L x 50 g x 4 kcal = 600 kcal.

Description:When a patient experiences severe dehydration, the preferred choice of intravenous (IV) fluid is "Ringer Lactate." This solution contains electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium, which help restore the body's electrolyte balance and provide the necessary fluids to rehydrate the patient effectively.

Description:The most reliable indicator for guiding fluid administration is "urine output." Monitoring how much urine a patient produces helps healthcare professionals assess the body's hydration status and determine if additional fluids are needed.

Description:The type of solution that causes water to shift from the cells into the plasma is option a: Hypertonic. In a hypertonic solution, there is a higher concentration of solutes (such as salts or molecules) outside the cells compared to inside. This concentration difference draws water out of the cells and into the surrounding plasma, causing the cells to shrink or become less swollen.

Description:The hypotonic solution among the options is option a: 0.33% Normal Saline (NS). A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the solution inside the cells. In this case, 0.33% NS has fewer dissolved particles than the cells, which allows water to move into the cells to balance the concentration, potentially causing them to swell. The other options have higher solute concentrations and are not hypotonic solutions.

Description:The isotonic solution among the options is option b: 0.9% Normal Saline (NS). An isotonic solution has a similar concentration of solutes as the solution inside the cells. 0.9% NS has a salt concentration that closely matches the salt concentration in our cells, so it doesn't cause water to move into or out of the cells, helping to maintain cell shape and function. The other options either have lower or higher solute concentrations compared to the cells and are not isotonic solutions.

Description:The hypertonic solution among the options is option d: 50% Dextrose. A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the solution inside the cells. In this case, 50% Dextrose has a greater concentration of sugar molecules than what's typically found inside the cells. This difference in concentration causes water to move out of the cells and into the solution to balance the concentrations, potentially causing the cells to shrink. The other options have lower solute concentrations and are not hypertonic solutions.

Description:The colloid solution among the options is option c: Dextran. A colloid solution contains larger molecules or particles that do not readily dissolve, and these particles remain suspended in the solution. Dextran is an example of a colloid because it consists of larger molecules that do not fully dissolve in the liquid. In contrast, options a, b, and d are all examples of crystalloid solutions, which contain dissolved salts or molecules that are smaller and more readily dissolve into the liquid.

Description:The nurse is keeping track of how much the patient drinks and urinates. The patient with septicemia is only allowed clear liquids. The patient drank 4 oz of orange juice, 900 ml of water, 8 oz of soup, and 1000 ml of saline solution. The patient also urinated 1400 ml. To calculate the total intake, add up the liquids the patient drank: 4 oz + 900 ml + 8 oz + 1000 ml = 2260 ml So, the nurse should document the patient's intake as 2260 ml, which is option b.

Description:Fluid loss initially happens from the blood vessels, which are called intravascular spaces. So, the answer is option b.

Description:Insensible water losses are the water that our body loses without us really noticing, mainly through processes like breathing and evaporation from the skin. This happens all the time, not just when we sweat. The correct answer is option c, which is 800 ml per day.

Description:With fever, each degree rise in temperature above 98.6℉ (37℃) adds 2.5 mL/kg/day to normal insensible water loss. Average weight of an adult is 70 kg. So 70x2.5 = 175 ml. Normal daily insensible water loss is nearly 600-900 ml.

Description:Stopping vasoactive medication suddenly can cause problems in the body's blood flow regulation. This might result in a shaky balance in the body's blood pressure and heart function. So, all the listed effects can happen: hemodynamic instability, an increase in cardiac output, and even an anaphylactic reaction. That's why the correct answer is option d, which includes all of these possibilities.

Description:Urinary output of 30 mL/hr or more is one of the key indicators of adequacy of blood flow to vital organs such as heart brain and kidney.

Description:When someone doesn't have enough fluids in their body, it's important to provide them with the right kind of fluid. Lactated Ringers is a good choice because it contains a balanced mix of electrolytes that are similar to what's in our body. This helps in replenishing the lost fluids in a balanced way. So, the best answer is option c, Lactated Ringers.

Description:Edema is the swelling that happens when excess fluid accumulates in tissues. A common reason for this is when the lymphatic system, which normally helps drain fluid from tissues, gets blocked. So, the correct answer is option d, lymphatic blockage.

Description:When too much fluid is given through an intravenous (IV) line too quickly, it can overwhelm the heart's ability to handle the extra volume. This can lead to problems like fluid backing up into the lungs (pulmonary edema) or causing strain on the heart (heart failure). This complication is known as circulatory overload. So, the correct answer is option b, circulatory overload.

Description:Non-inflammatory edema happens when fluid accumulates in tissues, but it's not caused by inflammation. This can occur for various reasons. When the pressure inside blood vessels increases (intravascular hydrostatic pressure), when there's not enough protein in the blood to pull fluid back into the vessels (decreased plasma oncotic pressure), or when the lymphatic system, responsible for draining fluids, is blocked (obstruction in the lymphatic flow channels), it can lead to non-inflammatory edema. So, the correct answer is option d, which includes all of these possibilities.

Description:Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. It can lead to various signs and symptoms. Among the given options, the one that is NOT a manifestation of DVT is option b, cool and clammy skin in the affected leg. The other options—pitting edema, redness, and tenderness—are all potential signs of DVT.

Description:Edema in legs, feet and ankle and ascites in more common in liver cirrhosis and, liver failure. Generalize edema is not a common presentation in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Description:Kidneys help control acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions and generating bicarbonate that helps to maintain blood plasma pH within a normal range.

Description:The pH of blood indicates how acidic or basic it is. For our body to function properly, the blood's pH needs to stay within a specific range. The correct answer is option c, which is 7.35-7.45. This range is considered normal for blood pH, helping to maintain the right balance for various bodily functions.

Description:Buffers are like helpers in our body that keep the pH (acidity level) of our blood stable. Among the options given, the most common buffer in our blood is bicarbonates. They work to prevent big changes in pH, making sure our body stays in a good balance. So, the correct answer is option a, bicarbonates.