Description:The natural anticoagulant present in the human body is "b. Heparin." This molecule helps prevent excessive blood clotting by interfering with the clotting process. It's like a natural brake for our blood to keep it flowing smoothly and prevent the formation of dangerous clots.

Description:Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. Von Willebrand factor helps common inherited bleeding disorder. Von Willebrand factor helps platelets clamp together and stick to vessels wall, which is necessary for blood clothing. A lack of the Von Willebrand factor prevents the blood from clotting properly. Von Willebrand disease affected both males and females and is generally milder than hemophilia.

Description:If someone experiences delayed nosebleeds (epistaxis) after a maxillofacial (face and jaw) injury, it's important to be suspicious of "c. Arterial aneurysm." This is because a delayed nosebleed could indicate a weakened blood vessel (aneurysm) that has developed over time due to the trauma. Aneurysms are concerning because they can rupture and cause serious bleeding, so this situation should be taken seriously and investigated further.

Description:The type of bleeding in which bright red blood spurts with each heartbeat is "a. Arterial bleeding." This happens because arteries carry oxygen-rich blood under high pressure, and when they're injured, the blood can shoot out in sync with the heartbeat. It's a distinctive and concerning type of bleeding that requires prompt attention.

Description:The most commonly used and appropriate technique to stop bleeding from wounds on extremities is "a. Apply direct pressure with cloth." By pressing firmly on the wound with a cloth or bandage, you can help stop the bleeding by assisting the blood to clot and promoting the natural healing process. This method is effective for most minor bleeding situations and can be easily done while seeking further medical help if needed.

Description:To administer 100ml of Normal Saline (NS) over 2 hours using an infusion pump, you would need to set the rate at "c. 50 ml/hour." This means that the pump will deliver 50ml of NS every hour for a total of 2 hours, resulting in the complete administration of the 100ml fluid volume.

Description:After intravenous (IV) fluid administration, the balance between intracellular and extracellular fluid is established through "a. Osmosis." Osmosis is the process where water molecules move across cell membranes to equalize the concentration of solutes (substances dissolved in the water) on both sides. This helps ensure that the right amount of fluid goes into the cells and the surrounding extracellular spaces, maintaining a proper balance.

Description:IV Potassium therapy • Via peripheral vein = 20-40 mEq of KCI per liter • Via central vein = 10 – 20 mEq of KCI per liter

Description:The immediate management of choice to restore blood pressure (B.P.) and peripheral circulation is "b. Ringer lactate." Ringer lactate is a type of intravenous fluid solution that contains electrolytes and is used to replenish fluids and restore blood volume. It helps improve blood pressure and circulation by providing the body with the necessary fluids and electrolytes it needs.

Description:When administering a large volume of colloids, nurses need to monitor for "d. Both a and b." This means they should watch out for both "a. Adventitious respiratory sounds" (abnormal sounds when breathing, which could indicate fluid overload in the lungs) and "b. Interstitial edema" (swelling in the tissues between cells due to excessive fluid accumulation). Monitoring for these signs helps ensure the patient's safety and prevents complications from fluid overload.

Description:Slurred speech and disorientation to time and place reflects the sign of concussion which should be treated as early as possible, so the neurosurgeon should be notified soon. Prepare the patient for emergency surgery only if neurosurgeon orders.

Description:The process of assessing patients who come to emergency departments and determining the management priorities is called "b. Triage." Triage involves quickly evaluating patients to determine the severity of their condition and allocating appropriate resources and care based on the urgency of their medical needs. It helps medical professionals prioritize who needs immediate attention and who can wait for treatment.

Description:In the case of a hemorrhagic stroke, it's safe to give "a. Normal saline." This is a type of intravenous fluid that can help maintain the patient's fluid balance and blood pressure without increasing the risk of bleeding or worsening the stroke. Other options like hypertonic fluids, colloids, and blood transfusions might not be as suitable in this context.

Description:The most common cause of embolic stroke is "c. Non rheumatic atrial fibrillation." In this condition, the heart's irregular rhythm can cause blood clots to form in the heart chambers. These clots can then be pumped out of the heart, travel to the brain's blood vessels, and cause a blockage, leading to an embolic stroke.

Description:The commonest cause of a cerebrovascular accident is "c. Embolism." A cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as a stroke, can occur when a blood clot (embolus) travels to the brain and blocks a blood vessel, cutting off the blood supply to a part of the brain. This can lead to neurological damage and various stroke symptoms.

Description:The priority nursing intervention in a client experiencing a stroke is "d. Weakness." Strokes often cause muscle weakness or paralysis in certain parts of the body due to damage in the brain. As a nurse, addressing and managing the weakness is crucial for the patient's safety and well-being.

Description:The important nursing intervention when a client is admitted to a neuro emergency with a brain stem infarction is to assess for "b. Bradypnea." Brain stem infarction can affect the part of the brain responsible for controlling breathing. Bradypnea refers to abnormally slow breathing. Monitoring the client's respiratory rate and pattern is crucial in such cases to ensure proper oxygenation and intervene promptly if there are any issues with breathing.

Description:Following a C5 injury (injury to the fifth cervical vertebra), the important nursing intervention is "a. Patent airway." A C5 injury can affect the muscles and nerves responsible for breathing and can potentially compromise the client's ability to breathe properly. Ensuring a patent airway and monitoring the client's respiratory status is critical to maintain adequate oxygenation.

Description:The release of "a. Prostaglandins" causes pain at the injury site. Prostaglandins are chemical compounds that play a key role in promoting inflammation, swelling, and sensitizing nerve endings, which results in the perception of pain at the site of injury.

Description:The appropriate non-opioid analgesic for mild pain is "b. Ibuprofen." Ibuprofen is a common over-the-counter pain reliever that helps to reduce mild pain, inflammation, and fever. It is commonly used for headaches, muscle aches, and other minor discomforts.

Description:The most common side effect associated with morphine administration is "d. Respiratory arrest." Morphine is an opioid pain medication that can depress the respiratory system, causing a decrease in breathing rate and potentially leading to respiratory arrest if taken in excessive amounts or if the individual is not properly monitored. This is why careful dosing and monitoring of respiratory status are important when using morphine.

Description:This may be due to pericardia effusion or pericarditis. Pericardial friction rub can be auscultated in these condition.

Description:Hypoglycemia is one of the risk factors for cardiac arrest, not hyperglycemia. Potential causes to consider cardiac arrest (6H’s and 6T’s) are • Hyper/hypokalemia • Hypoglycemia • Hypovolemia • Hypoxia • Hydrogen ion (acidosis) • Hypothermia • Toxin • Thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary) • Tension pneumothorax • Tamponade • Tablets (overdose or ingestion) • Trauma

Description:The most important finding that causes concern during examination of a patient in the emergency department is "b. Oxygen saturation at room air of 89%." Oxygen saturation measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. An oxygen saturation level of 89% is lower than the normal range (usually around 95% or higher) and indicates inadequate oxygen supply to the body's tissues. This can be a critical situation and may require immediate intervention to ensure the patient's oxygenation and well-being.

Description:• Inadequate peripheral circulation is the principal cause for failure to obtain a satisfactory signal by the probe attached to finger tips. Edema or venous congestion of the limb can also interfere with reading of pulse oximetry. Nail polish of black blue and green color disturbs the sensor in the probe, hence lower oximeter readings. • Hyperthermia will not affect reading of pulse oximeter.