Description:Cardinal sings or vital signs include body temperature, Pulse (Heart rate), Respiration, and Blood pressure a may also include pain and oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry). Blood glucose level is not a cardinal sign of the body.

Description:Increased depth of breathing with a normal respiratory rate is called hyperpnea. It's often seen during exercise or situations where the body needs to take in more oxygen to meet increased metabolic demands. Bradypnea refers to abnormally slow breathing, orthopnea is difficulty breathing while lying down, and Kussmaul's breathing is a type of deep and labored breathing pattern often seen in metabolic acidosis.

Description:Hyperventilation refers to a gradual increase in the rate and depth of respiration, leading to a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. This can be caused by various factors such as anxiety, panic, or certain medical conditions. Kussmaul respiration, on the other hand, is a specific type of deep and labored breathing seen in metabolic acidosis, often associated with diabetes.

Description:The normal breath rate of human beings is generally around (a) 12-15 breaths per minute. This can vary based on factors like age, fitness level, and overall health, but the typical range for adults at rest is indeed around 12-15 breaths per minute.

Description:The volume remaining in the lungs and airways following a maximum expiratory effort is known as "residual volume." This residual volume cannot be exhaled even with the strongest breath and is important for maintaining lung function and preventing lung collapse. The other options are: (b) Total lung capacity: The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold after a maximum inhalation. (c) Vital capacity: The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. (d) Tidal capacity: The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.

Description:The most reliable way to assess the respiratory rate of a patient is often considered to be (c) count the respiration for 10 seconds and then multiply by six. This method provides a more accurate measurement of the respiratory rate compared to simply observing the chest rising and falling or using a cardiac monitor, as it allows for a focused count over a specific time period. However, in a clinical setting, healthcare professionals might use a combination of methods, including observing chest movement, listening and feeling for air movement, and using monitoring devices, to ensure accuracy in assessing a patient's respiratory rate.

Description:An abnormally slow breathing rate is called "Bradypnea" (option a). It's important to note that "bradycardia" (option b) refers to an abnormally slow heart rate, while "tachypnea" (option c) and "tachycardia" (option d) refer to abnormally rapid breathing and heart rates, respectively.

Description:Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with (a) diabetic ketoacidosis, which is a serious complication of diabetes where the body produces high levels of ketones. This abnormal breathing pattern is the body's attempt to compensate for the metabolic acidosis that occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Description: Irregular respiration characterized by apnea (periods of no breathing) followed by hyperventilation (rapid and deep breathing) is known as (a) Cheyne-Stokes respiration. This pattern of breathing is often observed in patients with certain medical conditions, such as heart failure, brain injury, and stroke.

Description:The rate of ventilation exceeding the normal range is known as (b) hyperventilation. This involves breathing at an abnormally rapid and deep pace, which can lead to a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Description:Cheyne-Stokes respiration is characterized by a cycle of progressively deeper and faster breathing followed by a period of apnea (no breathing), then the cycle repeats. It's a type of irregular breathing pattern often associated with conditions like heart failure and brain injuries. Kussmaul's respiration, on the other hand, is a deep and labored breathing pattern associated with metabolic acidosis, particularly in cases like diabetic ketoacidosis.

Description:Hypoxia is the lack of adequate oxygen supply to the body's tissues, which can lead to cellular dysfunction and damage. Option (a) "Lack of oxygen in the tissues" accurately describes hypoxia. Option (b) "Lack of oxygen in the blood" can also contribute to hypoxia, but the primary concern is the oxygen level reaching the tissues. Option (c) "Bluish discoloration of mucosa" is more indicative of cyanosis, which can be a sign of hypoxia but is not the definition of hypoxia itself.

Description:Hypoxemia is the condition characterized by a decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, which can lead to reduced oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Option (b) "Lack of oxygen in the blood" accurately describes hypoxemia. It's important to distinguish between hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood) and hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the tissues).

Description:Korsakoff's sound is auscultated in the (b) brachial artery while measuring blood pressure in the upper arm. It's the sound heard through a stethoscope when taking a blood pressure reading using the auscultatory method.

Description:Korsakoff's sound is not typically associated with blood pressure measurement in the leg. It's actually associated with Korotkoff sounds, which are the sounds heard during blood pressure measurement using a stethoscope. The correct answer is (b) Femoral artery if you're referring to measuring blood pressure in the leg. The Korotkoff sounds are auscultated over the femoral artery when measuring blood pressure in the leg.

Description:The sound that is heard through a stethoscope placed over the artery during blood pressure measurement is termed (b) Korotkoff sound. These sounds correspond to the turbulent flow of blood within the artery as the blood pressure cuff is gradually deflated. The Korotkoff sounds help determine the systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings.

Description:The instrument used to measure blood pressure is (d) Sphygmomanometer. This device consists of an inflatable cuff, a pressure gauge, and a means of determining the blood pressure through the Korotkoff sounds heard with a stethoscope.

Description:Circulation to lower arms and BP is measured in brachial artery.

Description:Orthostatic hypotension also called postural hypotension is a form of low blood pressure that happens when person stands up from sitting or lying down. Orthostatic hypotension can make the person feel dizzy or lightheaded, and maybe even faint

Description:Systolic blood pressure decreased of at least 20 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure decrease of at least 10 mm Hg within three minutes of standing.

Description:Among the given values, option a has the highest diastolic blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure gives best idea related to the risk for heart disease or stroke.

Description:Use of marrow cuff leads to falsely high reading and use of large cuff will cause low reading. The width of the BP cuff should be 40% of the circumference and length of the cuff should be 80% of the circumference.

Description:Meals, poultry, fish, animal foods such as red meat, pork, poultry and fish are complete proteins

Description:Testosterone hormone present in the male is responsible for higher BMR in them.

Description:Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) helps in wound healing Vitamin E is known as Anti-Sterility Vitamin. Vitamin K helps in blood clotting. Vitamin A promotes good vision.