Description:When rinsing the hands for the preparation of medical asepsis, the hands should be held downward to allow water and contaminants to flow away from the wrists and hands. This helps in maintaining aseptic conditions by preventing the potential contamination from reaching higher parts of the hands and wrists.

Description:In surgical asepsis, the hand to be held upward in order to prevent any accidental contamination before any surgical procedure.

Description:The distance of 2.5 cm to 3 cm (1inch) around the outer edges of the sterile field would be considered as contaminated and sterile materials should not be placed in this area.

Description:It seems like there might be a typo or repetition in the options you provided. Both option "c" and option "d" are listed as "Considered as a contaminated one." I assume this is unintentional. If we eliminate the repetition and consider the correct option, the answer would be: c. Considered as a contaminated one When a sterile field becomes wet, it is considered contaminated because moisture can carry microorganisms and compromise the sterility of the area. Nurses should avoid allowing moisture to come into contact with sterile materials to maintain aseptic conditions. If the sterile field becomes wet, it should be considered contaminated and steps should be taken to set up a new sterile field if necessary.

Description:The primary objective of aseptic techniques is to restrict and eliminate the presence of microorganisms to prevent infection and maintain a sterile or clean environment. While aseptic techniques do contribute to the safety of both healthcare workers and patients (options a and d), the central goal is to prevent the introduction, proliferation, and transmission of microorganisms that could lead to infections.

Description:In the stages of infection, the first and primary step is the presence of infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms that have the potential to cause disease. These infectious agents are the initial factor in the chain of infection. The other steps (reservoir host, portal of exit, portal of entry) come after the infectious agents are present and are part of the transmission process.

Description:Communicable diseases are those that can be transmitted directly from one person to another person or indirectly through a variety of means such as airborne transmission, contact with contaminated surfaces, or vectors (like mosquitoes). These diseases are also sometimes referred to as contagious or infectious diseases. Options a, c, and d are more specific terms that describe different modes of transmission for communicable diseases.

Description:Hand hygiene is considered one of the most efficient ways to break the chain of infection. Proper and regular hand washing helps prevent the transmission of microorganisms from one person to another and reduces the risk of infection. While personal protective equipment (PPE), wearing gloves, and isolating patients are all important infection control measures, hand hygiene is the fundamental step that directly addresses the potential transmission of pathogens through contaminated hands.

Description:An antigen is a toxin or foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body. It is recognized by the immune system as non-self and stimulates the production of antibodies or other immune responses to neutralize or eliminate the antigen. Options a, c, and d are not the correct terms for this concept.

Description:If a new circulatory nurse mistakenly touches the sterile field during a surgery, the main action the nurse should take is to immediately inform the operating surgeon. Maintaining the sterility of the surgical field is crucial to prevent the risk of infection, and the surgeon needs to be aware of any potential breaches in aseptic technique. This allows the surgical team to take appropriate actions to address the situation and ensure patient safety. Options a, c, and d are not the best course of action in this scenario.

Description:Although a nurse made herself sterile by following the asepsis technique the back of the person is considered as a non-sterile field.

Description:If a human being acts as a reservoir in the chain of infection, they would be referred to as a "carrier." A carrier is an individual who harbors infectious agents in their body without showing symptoms of the disease, but they can still transmit the disease to others. This can contribute to the spread of infections in a population. Options a, c, and d are not the specific term used to describe this situation.

Description:If a disease is contracted from an animal to a human being, it is referred to as "zoonoses." Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. This transmission can occur through direct contact with animals, consumption of contaminated animal products, or exposure to vectors that carry the disease from animals to humans. Options b, c, and d are not the correct terms for diseases contracted from animals.

Description:When a person receives a vaccination for a particular infectious disease, it helps to break the chain of infection by strengthening their immune system and reducing their susceptibility to that disease. A vaccinated individual is less likely to become a susceptible host for the infectious agent, thus interrupting the chain of infection. Options a, b, and c are not directly affected by vaccination but relate to other stages of the chain of infection.

Description:In this scenario, when the mother cleans the wound and bandages the injured hand of the male teenager, she is helping to prevent potential contamination of the environment with any microorganisms that might have been present on the wound. By cleaning and bandaging the wound, the mother is interrupting the potential exit of infectious agents from the teenager's body, thus breaking the "portal of exit" link in the chain of infection. This action helps to reduce the risk of infection transmission to others through contact with the wound discharge.

Description:When a nurse washes her hands regularly after every contact with contaminated materials, she is reducing the likelihood of transferring microorganisms from her hands to her body's mucous membranes or other susceptible areas. This action helps break the potential "portal of entry" link in the chain of infection. Proper hand hygiene is essential to prevent the introduction of infectious agents into the body and reduce the risk of infection transmission.

Description:Wearing mask on the facial region will prevent of organism exited to the outer atmosphere rapidly and reduce the transmission of disease.

Description:Taking action to destroy and eliminate polluted standing water to reduce mosquito growth and population is addressing the reservoir in the chain of infection. Standing water serves as a breeding ground for mosquitoes, which can act as vectors for various diseases. By eliminating the breeding sites for mosquitoes, the potential for disease transmission is reduced, thus breaking the reservoir link in the chain of infection.

Description:In the infectious stages, the term describing the "severity of a disease" following an infection is referred to as virulence. Virulence refers to the ability of a microorganism to cause severe disease or harm to the host. It encompasses factors such as the microorganism's ability to multiply, evade the host's immune defenses, and produce toxins that can lead to more severe symptoms. Options a, c, and d are related to aspects of disease-causing potential, but virulence specifically pertains to the severity of the disease.

Description:A parasite is a microorganism that lives and derives its nutrients from another organism, known as the host, for its metabolic growth and development. Parasites are dependent on their host for survival and can sometimes cause harm to the host by causing infections or other adverse effects. Options a, b, and d are related concepts but do not specifically describe a microorganism that lives off another organism.

Description:WBCs are responsible for fighting against infection, so this value will be elevated first.

Description:In the stages of infection, the period between a person getting infected with a microorganism and the appearance of the first signs and symptoms related to the condition is referred to as the "incubation period." During this period, the infectious agent is replicating and multiplying within the body, but symptoms may not yet be evident. Options a, c, and d refer to different stages in the progression of an illness.

Description:It seems there might be a typo or confusion in the provided options and descriptions. In your description, you mention "Infected people don’t realize their symptoms more, but the pathogen gets multiplied within their body and they spread that infection to other people." This description actually matches the incubation period of an infection. The incubation period is the time between exposure to a pathogen (infectious agent) and the onset of symptoms. During this period, the pathogen is multiplying within the body, and the infected person might not yet realize they are infected. This is also the time when the infection can be spread to others, even though the person doesn't have symptoms yet. The prodromal stage is the stage during which initial symptoms start to appear, although they might be mild and nonspecific. The convalescence stage is the period of recovery and healing, and the illness stage is when the full spectrum of symptoms is evident.

Description:A person feeling specific signs and symptoms of the infection agent they've been infected with refers to the illness stage of the infection. This is when the infection has progressed to the point where symptoms become noticeable and recognizable. The prodromal stage is characterized by initial, mild, and nonspecific symptoms, while the convalescence stage is the period of recovery and healing.

Description:In the convalescence stage of a disease, the person begins to recover and experiences a reduction in signs and symptoms. This stage represents the period of healing and returning to a healthy state after the illness. It's when the body's immune system has successfully fought off the infection, and the person gradually returns to their normal activities. The other stages you mentioned have different characteristics: the prodromal stage is characterized by initial, mild symptoms; the incubation period is the time between exposure and symptom onset; and the predromal stage is similar to the prodromal stage, so it doesn't fit the description you provided.