Description:Immune system fights very high and stirs excessively during the illness period comparing to the other stages of infection.

Description:The correct term you're asking about is "source." In the context of infectious diseases, the source refers to the initial point or origin from which the disease-causing agents, i.e., pathogens, emanate. This source could be either animate (such as an infected person or animal) or inanimate (like contaminated water, food, or objects). The source is of paramount importance because it signifies where the pathogen originates and how it enters the transmission cycle. For instance, a contaminated food source can lead to a foodborne outbreak, while an infected individual can serve as a source for diseases transmitted through direct contact or respiratory droplets.

Description:Typhoid is not a vector-borne disease. It is a waterborne disease that is primarily spread through the consumption of contaminated food or water containing the bacterium Salmonella typhi. The other options listed (a. Encephalitis, b. Dengue, and c. Lyme disease) are indeed vector-borne diseases, where the pathogens are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected vectors (such as mosquitoes or ticks).

Description:HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) uses viral spikes, which are glycoproteins on the surface of the virus, to bind with specific receptors on the surface of white blood cells (such as CD4+ T cells). This binding is a crucial step in the process of HIV infection. The viral spikes are also known as viral glycoproteins or envelope glycoproteins.

Description:Louis Pasteur is credited with developing the germ theory of disease, which states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms (germs) such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This theory revolutionized our understanding of the causes of infectious diseases and laid the foundation for modern medicine and hygiene practices.

Description:Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common types of hospital-acquired infections. They can occur when bacteria or other pathogens enter and multiply within the urinary tract due to procedures like catheterizations or other medical interventions. UTIs are a significant concern in healthcare settings and steps are taken to prevent them, especially among patients with indwelling urinary catheters.

Description:Only mask is needed for protection against droplet infection. Gloves or gown are not necessary to protect from droplet infection.

Description:When removing contaminated gloves, the recommended technique is to gently pull just below the cuff of one glove and then invert it while holding it in your gloved hand. This process helps to ensure that the contaminated outer surface of the glove is folded inward, minimizing the risk of contact with pathogens. After the first glove is removed, you can use your clean, gloved hand to slide your fingers under the cuff of the second glove and remove it by turning it inside out as well. This technique helps prevent the spread of pathogens from the gloves to your hands and maintains a safe environment for both the healthcare worker and the patient.

Description:Iatrogenic infections are infections that are acquired as a result of medical interventions or therapeutic procedures. These infections can occur when a patient is exposed to pathogens during medical treatments, surgeries, or other healthcare procedures. It's important for healthcare providers to implement proper infection control measures to minimize the risk of iatrogenic infections and ensure patient safety.

Description:The germ theory of disease is closely associated with the biomedical concept of health. This theory proposes that many diseases are caused by microorganisms (germs) such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It focuses on understanding the biological mechanisms behind diseases and their treatment, aligning with the biomedical perspective that health and illness are primarily the result of physiological factors, including pathogens. This approach has been fundamental in shaping modern medicine's understanding of infectious diseases and how to combat them.

Description:Droplet infection are transmitted from one individual to another by droplets of moisture expelled from the upper respiratory tract through coughing or sneezing. By wearing the mask this kind of infection can be prevented.

Description:Iatrogenic infection occurs as a result of diagnostic and, or therapeutic procedures on a patient. Nosocomial infections are those infections that occur in patient after 48 hours of hospital stay. Concurrent infection is the term used when a patient has two or more simultaneous infections. Fomite infection refers to infections transmitted by objects.

Description:Hand washing is the most effective way. Alcoholic hand rubs are not substitute for hand washing.

Description:The hands of healthcare workers are the principal mode of transmission for MRSA. In the given example, the organism is limited to sputum. As the principal mode of transmission is through hands of healthcare personnel, contact isolation is necessary with private room, body substance isolation (barrier protection using gloves, mask, gown, goggle, etc.) and good hand washing techniques.

Description:All of the listed infectious agents can potentially be transmitted through blood transfusion. a. Hepatitis: Various forms of hepatitis viruses, including Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, can be transmitted through contaminated blood or blood products. b. HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be transmitted through infected blood, making blood transfusion a potential route of transmission. c. Plasmodium: Plasmodium is the parasite responsible for causing malaria. While malaria is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites, there have been rare cases of transfusion-transmitted malaria. It's important for blood banks and healthcare systems to rigorously screen donated blood for these and other infectious agents to minimize the risk of transmitting infections through blood transfusion

Description:Providing oral hygiene, such as brushing a patient's teeth or cleaning their mouth, requires a nurse to wear gloves. This is done to prevent the potential transmission of pathogens and to ensure proper infection control measures are taken. The mouth can harbor various bacteria and microorganisms, and wearing gloves helps protect both the patient and the healthcare provider. While the other procedures mentioned (a. Back massage, b. Providing passive exercise, c. Feeding) typically do not require gloves, it's essential to follow proper hygiene practices based on the specific care being provided.

Description:Trachoma spreads by direct contact with fingers or fomites (indirect, e.g., washcloths, handkerchiefs) contaminated with eye discharge form an infected person or by eye-seeking files.

Description:Autoclaves are used to sterilize equipment and supplies at high pressure saturated steam at 121℃ for around 15-20 minutes. Tyndallization is a method of heating article for three successive days, first day at 85℃ for 60 minutes, second day 75 to 801℃ for 20 minutes and third day 75 to 85℃ for 20 minutes.

Description:Ethylene oxide is used to sterilize devices that incorporate electronic components, plastic packaging or plastic containers. Infrared radiation is used to sterilize articles such a syringes and catheters. UV radiations are used for disinfecting enclosed areas such as operation theaters and laboratories.

Description:Boiling the sharp instrument lose their sharpness through repeated boiling. Other methods are suitable for sharp instruments as they keep the instruments functional.

Description:Boiling as a sterilization method typically requires a longer duration than 10 minutes to effectively kill most microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and spores. Boiling may not be sufficient to eliminate all types of pathogens and spores, and the exact time required can vary depending on factors such as the nature of the articles being sterilized and the specific microorganisms present. While boiling can be useful for disinfection and sanitation, it may not guarantee complete sterilization within a short time frame.

Description:Rubber articles are not typically sterilized using dry heat methods. Dry heat sterilization is often not suitable for rubber materials as it can cause degradation and damage to the rubber. Rubber articles are usually sterilized using methods that involve lower temperatures and moisture levels to avoid deterioration. Common methods for sterilizing rubber articles include steam sterilization (autoclaving) or using chemical agents that are compatible with rubber.

Description:"Cold sterilization" refers to various methods of sterilization that do not involve high temperatures commonly associated with traditional sterilization techniques such as autoclaving. Instead, cold sterilization methods are carried out at lower temperatures, which can range from room temperature to refrigeration or even freezing. The aim is to achieve sterilization or high-level disinfection while minimizing the risk of damaging heat-sensitive materials or equipment. a. Sterilization under the temperature range of 1-80℃: This is an accurate description of cold sterilization, where sterilization or disinfection is performed at temperatures below those typically used in autoclaving (which usually involves higher temperatures). b. Disinfection using disinfectant: Cold sterilization methods can involve using disinfectants to achieve high-level disinfection or sterilization without the use of heat. c. Sterilization done under minus degree Celsius temperature: Some cold sterilization methods may indeed involve using temperatures below freezing, especially for certain types of materials or equipment that can withstand freezing conditions.

Description:Concurrent disinfection refers to the immediate and ongoing disinfection of articles, surfaces, and bodily discharges during the course of a disease. It is an essential practice to prevent the spread of infections within healthcare settings. This type of disinfection is done in real-time and is particularly important when dealing with contagious diseases to minimize the risk of transmission. Recurrent disinfection (option b) and terminal disinfection (option c) are related concepts, but they refer to disinfection at different stages of disease management. Sterilization (option d) is a more intensive process that aims to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including spores, from objects or surfaces.

Description:Tubes and catheters are often disinfected using 2% Glutaraldehyde solution. Glutaraldehyde is a strong disinfectant commonly used in healthcare settings to disinfect and sterilize medical equipment and instruments. It is effective against a wide range of microorganisms and is frequently used for high-level disinfection of items that cannot be sterilized using heat. Other options listed, such as 1% hypochlorite (bleach), formalin, and Korsolex, are also disinfectants or chemical solutions used in medical settings, but for different purposes or types of equipment.