Description:Hypodermoclysis, also called interstitial infusion or subcutaneous infusion, is the subcutaneous administration of fluids to the body.

Description:Daily assessment of patient weight is a reliable indicator of fluid overload in a patient admitted with acute kidney injury or acute renal failure.

Description:Hypertonic solution shifts fluids from cells to plasma while hypotonic solution shifts from plasma to cells. Isotonic solution has same osmolality as that blood plasma. Alkaline solutions are those solutions which have pH more than 7.

Description:In patients with hypovolemia an increased in heart rate can be noted to maintain adequate tissue perfusion.

Description:Calcitonin produced by thyroid gland helps to mobilize calcium from blood to bone and parathormone produced by parathyroid glands helps to mobilize calcium from bone to blood, both these hormones are involved in calcium metabolism.

Description:Albumin is the plasma protein responsible for determining oncotic pressure. Decrease in albumin causes edema over the body.

Description:0.9 gm of NaCI (Sodium Chloride) is present in 100 mL of isotonic saline (normal saline).

Description:Ringer lactate solution (RL) is also known as sodium lactate solution and Hartmann’s solution. It can bed used treat metabolic acidosis if the cause of acidosis is other than lactic acidosis. Administration of RL is contraindicated in sever metabolic acidosis (caused by lactic acidosis) or alkalosis and in sever liver disease or anoxic states which affects lactate metabolism.

Description:Muscle weakness, paralytic ileus, abdominal distention. ST wave depression, abnormal U wave are the characteristic of hypokalemia. Option a and b indicated hyperkalemia, option c indicates hypocalcemia.

Description:Major anions and cations: Extracellular fluid: • Major anion: Chloride • Major cation: Sodium Intracellular fluid: • Major anion: Phosphate • Major cation: Potassium

Description:Albumin is produced in the liver and is responsible for oncotic pressure, due to the fall oncotic pressure edema occurs in patient with liver problem

Description:Glycine 1.5% and sterile water are the most widely used irrigating fluids in urological endoscopic surgery (TURP and certain transurethral procedures)

Description:Hypocalcemia characteristically causes prolongations of the QT interval in the electrocardiogram. Prolongation of the QT interval is associated with early after-depolarization and triggered dysrhythmias. Although electrocardiographic conducts abnormalities are common, serious hypocalcemia-induced dysrhythmias, such as heart block and ventricular dysrhythmias, are infrequent.

Description:Water intoxication is a life-threatening disorder (hypos molar syndrome) accompanied by brain function impairment due to sever dilutional hyponatremia. Inappropriate water retention causes the dilutional hyponatremia.

Description:In the management of hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood), one approach is to use insulin along with glucose. This combination helps to temporarily shift potassium from the extracellular space back into the cells. Insulin promotes the movement of potassium into the cells, and glucose is given to prevent hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) that can occur as a result of the insulin administration. Option b (sodium bicarbonate) is sometimes used in cases of severe hyperkalemia to counter the acidosis that can occur alongside high potassium levels, but it is not a primary treatment for hyperkalemia. Option c (potassium chloride) would not be used as it would exacerbate the condition by adding more potassium to the body. Option d (magnesium sulfate) is not typically used as a primary treatment for hyperkalemia, although magnesium levels can affect potassium balance in the body.

Description:Hypokalemia refers to a low concentration of potassium ions in the blood. It can have various effects on the heart's electrical activity, including changes on an electrocardiogram (ECG). One of the classic ECG findings associated with hypokalemia is the presence of tall, peaked T waves. These T wave changes are often described as "tenting" of the T waves. The other options listed are not typically associated with hypokalemia: b. ST segment depression can be indicative of ischemia or other cardiac conditions, but it is not a specific marker for hypokalemia. c. Widening of QRS complex is more commonly associated with issues such as bundle branch blocks or conduction abnormalities, rather than hypokalemia. d. Prolonged PR interval can be seen in conditions like atrioventricular block, but it is not a direct hallmark of hypokalemia. Remember that ECG findings can vary depending on the severity of the condition and other factors, so it's always important to consider the clinical context when interpreting ECG results.

Description:Chvostek Sign indicates d. Hypocalcemia: Chvostek Sign is a medical term for a specific facial muscle twitch. When someone taps on a facial nerve near the ear and it causes the corner of the mouth or the cheek to twitch, it suggests that the person might have low levels of calcium in their blood. This twitching happens because calcium is important for proper muscle function, and when there's not enough of it, muscles can become more excitable and twitch unexpectedly. Chvostek Sign points to d. Hypocalcemia: Imagine someone tapping a nerve near your ear, and your cheek or mouth twitches involuntarily. That twitching is called Chvostek Sign. But what's interesting is that it's usually a sign that your blood might be low on calcium. Calcium helps our muscles, including those in the face, work smoothly. So, when there's not enough calcium (hypocalcemia), these facial muscles can spasm, causing the Chvostek Sign.

Description:When an adult is experiencing severe dehydration, they are likely to exhibit symptoms such as dizziness, weakness, and palpitations. However, decreased thirst is not typically a symptom of severe dehydration. In fact, one of the body's responses to dehydration is an increase in thirst, as it tries to encourage the person to drink more fluids to rehydrate. Thirst is a natural mechanism that helps the body regulate its water balance.

Description:Hypokalemia refers to low levels of potassium in the blood. While the normal range for serum potassium can vary slightly between different laboratories, generally speaking, a serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L is considered indicative of hypokalemia. Therefore, the correct statement is: Hypokalemia is suspected when a client has serum potassium level falling below: b. 3.52 mEq/L.

Description:An isotonic solution is one that has the same osmolarity as blood, which means it has a similar concentration of solutes as blood. 0.9% saline, also known as normal saline, is an isotonic solution because its concentration of sodium chloride (salt) is similar to that found in blood. The other options mentioned are not isotonic: b. Dextran is a colloid solution and is used to increase blood volume. It is not isotonic. c. 0.45% saline is a hypotonic solution because it has a lower concentration of solutes than blood. d. Dextrose saline is a solution containing a combination of dextrose (sugar) and saline. Depending on the concentration, it can be hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic. The isotonicity depends on the ratio of dextrose to saline.

Description:Lugol's solution, also known as iodine-potassium iodide solution, is a solution of elemental iodine (I2) and potassium iodide (KI) in water. It is commonly used for various purposes, including as a disinfectant, an iodine supplement, and for staining biological specimens. The potassium iodide component helps dissolve the iodine in water, making it more suitable for various applications.

Description:Potassium (K+) is the most important electrolyte found within intracellular fluids. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including maintaining the resting membrane potential of cells, regulating fluid balance, supporting nerve cell function, and influencing muscle contractions. While sodium and chloride are important electrolytes as well, potassium is primarily concentrated inside cells and is a key player in intracellular electrolyte balance.

Description:Furosemide is a diuretic medication that works by increasing urine output, which can lead to the loss of various electrolytes, including potassium. One of the potential side effects of Furosemide therapy is hypokalemia, which is low potassium levels in the blood. Hypokalemia can lead to muscle weakness, among other symptoms. Therefore, it's important to monitor the serum potassium level to ensure that it is within a safe range while the patient is on Furosemide therapy.

Description:Normal saline, also known as 0.9% saline or isotonic saline, is a solution of sodium chloride (salt) in water. It contains 0.9 grams of sodium chloride per 100 milliliters of water. To make 1 liter (1000 milliliters) of normal saline, you would need 0.9 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 milliliters, so you would multiply 0.9 grams by 10 (since there are 10 sets of 100 milliliters in 1000 milliliters), which equals 9 grams of sodium chloride.

Description:Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluids (water) than it takes in. This loss of water can happen due to various reasons, including inadequate fluid intake, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medical conditions. While the loss of electrolytes like salt (option b), vitamins (option c), and minerals (option d) can contribute to imbalances in the body, the primary cause of dehydration is the loss of water itself.