Description:Among the options provided, the abbreviation "BD" indicates "twice a day." It stands for "bis in die" in Latin, which translates to "twice a day" in English. The other abbreviations have different meanings: a. OD: "Once a day" c. TD: This abbreviation is not commonly used in medical contexts. d. HS: "At bedtime" (hora somni in Latin)

Description:The abbreviation "HS" does not indicate "at immediately." It stands for "hora somni" in Latin, which means "at bedtime" in English. The correct abbreviation for "at immediately" is "STAT," which stands for "statim" in Latin. Here's the correct breakdown of the abbreviations you provided: a. OD: "Once a day" b. BD: "Twice a day" c. TD: This abbreviation is not commonly used in medical contexts. d. HS: "At bedtime" If you're referring to an abbreviation that indicates "at immediately," it would be "STAT."

Description:The abbreviation "PRN" (pro re nata) is used to indicate "whenever required" in medical contexts. It means that a medication should be taken as needed, whenever the specific condition or symptoms warrant it. Among the options you provided: a. OD: "Once a day" b. BD: "Twice a day" c. TD: This abbreviation is not commonly used in medical contexts. d. HS: "At bedtime" None of these abbreviations directly represent "whenever required." The correct answer for "whenever required" is not provided in the options you listed. It should be "PRN."

Description:The preferred site for giving an intramuscular (IM) injection to infants is the "vastus lateralis" muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is option c. The vastus lateralis muscle is located in the thigh and is a common site for IM injections in infants. It is relatively large and provides good muscle mass for injections while minimizing the risk of hitting major nerves or blood vessels.

Description:The vastus lateralis muscle is a site commonly used for intramuscular injections, especially in infants and young children. It's a large muscle located in the thigh, making it suitable for administering medications directly into the muscle tissue.

Description:The maximum volume that can be given as an intramuscular (IM) injection in adults can vary based on factors such as the specific muscle, the viscosity of the medication, and the individual's body size. However, among the options provided, the most common and generally accepted maximum volume for an IM injection in adults is: d. 5 mL In some cases, larger volumes may be administered as an IM injection, but the specific guidelines and considerations can vary depending on the situation and healthcare provider preferences.

Description:Rectal administration is not considered a parenteral route of drug administration. Parenteral routes involve delivering drugs directly into the body through methods other than the digestive tract. The options a, b, and d are all parenteral routes of administration: a. Subcutaneous: Under the skin. b. Intramuscular: Into the muscle. d. Intravenous: Into the vein. Rectal administration is a form of enteral administration, where the drug is administered through the rectum and absorbed through the mucous membranes of the rectum.

Description:If a client states that they do not remember receiving a medication that they were supposed to receive, the appropriate nursing action would be to verify the medication order again. This is to ensure that there are no errors or misunderstandings regarding the medication administration. It's crucial to confirm the order and the medication to prevent any potential mistakes or lapses in the administration process.

Description:Long-term use of sedatives and hypnotics in older individuals can lead to sleep disruption. These medications, while initially used to help with sleep, can sometimes result in rebound insomnia or disrupted sleep patterns when used over an extended period. This can create a cycle where the person becomes dependent on the medication to sleep, leading to further difficulties in maintaining a natural sleep cycle. Options a, b, and c are not the typical outcomes associated with long-term use of sedatives and hypnotics in older individuals.

Description:When a patient is prescribed medication on a regular schedule, it's essential for the nurse to ensure that the total daily dose does not exceed the recommended maximum. In this case, the patient is taking oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) 2 tablets every 3 hours. This could potentially lead to exceeding the safe daily dosage limit if not monitored carefully. Therefore, the priority nursing action should be to assess the total amount of the daily dose to make sure it's within safe limits. While pain assessment (option a) and monitoring temperature (option b) are important, ensuring proper dosing to prevent overdose takes precedence. Option d (risk for bleeding) does not seem relevant to the scenario described.

Description:A drug that relieves flatulence (gas) is known as a carminative. Carminatives are medications that help alleviate bloating and discomfort caused by excessive gas in the gastrointestinal tract. They work by promoting the expulsion of gas from the digestive system.

Description:Sublingual administration involves placing medication under the tongue, where it is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes. It is considered a form of enteral administration, not a parenteral route. Parenteral routes involve delivering drugs directly into the body through methods other than the digestive tract. Options a, b, and d (intramuscular, intradermal, and intravenous) are all parenteral routes of administration.

Description:The enteral route of administration involves delivering medications through the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Intradermal administration, on the other hand, is a parenteral route of administration where medications are injected into the dermal layer of the skin. Therefore, among the options provided, only option b (intradermal) does not fall under the enteral route of administration.

Description:Intradermal injections are typically given at a shallow angle of approximately 10 to 15 degrees to the skin surface. This angle allows the medication to be deposited just beneath the epidermis, in the dermal layer of the skin. The shallow angle helps prevent the needle from penetrating too deeply and ensures that the medication remains within the skin layers.

Description:Subcutaneous injections are generally given at a 45-degree angle to the skin surface. This angle helps ensure that the medication is delivered into the subcutaneous tissue, which is the fatty layer just below the skin. The 45-degree angle facilitates proper absorption of the medication while minimizing discomfort for the patient.

Description:Intramuscular injections are typically administered at a 90-degree angle to the skin surface. This means that the needle is inserted straight into the muscle tissue, perpendicular to the skin. This angle helps ensure that the medication is delivered directly into the muscle for optimal absorption and effectiveness.

Description:Inunction involves applying medication, usually in the form of an ointment or cream, onto the skin and then massaging it in to promote absorption through the skin. The heat generated from the massage helps the medication penetrate the skin and reach the underlying tissues.

Description:The size of an intravenous (IV) cannula is indicated by its gauge (G). A lower gauge number indicates a larger diameter. Therefore, among the options provided, a 16 G IV cannula has the largest diameter. The larger the gauge number, the smaller the diameter of the cannula.

Description:The scapula (shoulder blade) is not a common site for subcutaneous injections in adults. The other options (upper arm, lower abdomen, and anterior upper thigh) are appropriate sites for subcutaneous injections. Thank you for pointing out the correct information.

Description:For intramuscular (IM) injections, needles with a gauge size of 22 to 25 are commonly used. A smaller gauge number corresponds to a larger needle diameter, so a 22-25 gauge needle is appropriate for delivering medication directly into the muscle tissue during an IM injection. This size range balances the need for delivering the medication effectively while minimizing discomfort for the patient.

Description:The immediate nursing action in a client with infiltration is to stop the IV infusion. Infiltration occurs when the IV fluid or medication leaks into the surrounding tissue instead of flowing into the vein. Stopping the infusion prevents further infiltration and minimizes the risk of complications. After stopping the infusion, the nurse would assess the extent of infiltration, remove the IV catheter, and provide appropriate care to the affected site based on the severity of the infiltration.

Description:If a patient on continuous IV infusion develops edema (swelling) at the IV site, it suggests infiltration. Infiltration occurs when the IV fluid or medication leaks into the surrounding tissue instead of flowing into the vein. This can lead to swelling, pain, and discomfort at the infusion site. Monitoring and early detection of infiltration are important to prevent complications and ensure proper IV therapy. Phlebitis (option c) is inflammation of the vein, which can also cause redness, warmth, and swelling at the IV site. Thrombosis (option d) refers to the formation of a blood clot in the vein, which can obstruct blood flow. Pain (option a) can occur with any of these complications, but the presence of edema specifically suggests infiltration.

Description:Hypodermal injection is commonly known as subcutaneous injection. This type of injection delivers medication into the subcutaneous tissue, which is the fatty layer located just below the skin. It is commonly used for medications that need to be absorbed slowly and steadily over time.

Description:The abbreviation "PC" stands for "post cibum," which means "after meals" in Latin. It indicates that a medication should be taken after the consumption of a meal.

Description:The abbreviation "HS" stands for "hora somni" in Latin, which translates to "at bedtime" in English. It indicates that a medication should be taken or a procedure should be done before the patient goes to sleep for the night.