Description:Taking medication directly into the respiratory tract is termed "b. Inhalation." This method involves the administration of medication in the form of aerosols or vapors that are inhaled into the lungs. It is commonly used for treating respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung-related issues.

Description:The administration of medication directly into the eyes is known as "c. Instillation." This method involves dropping liquid medications, such as eye drops, into the eyes to treat various eye conditions or infections.

Description:The most commonly used steam inhaler is the "a. Ultrasonic" inhaler. Ultrasonic inhalers create a fine mist of medication using ultrasonic vibrations and are commonly used for respiratory treatments, especially for conditions like asthma and other lung-related issues.

Description: The current standard for medication administration includes "b. Seven rights." These are: Right Patient Right Medication Right Dose Right Route Right Time Right Documentation Right to Refuse (Patient) The "Five rights" model (right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time) is also commonly used, but the "Seven rights" model has become more recognized in recent years to include additional aspects of safe medication administration. The options "c. Eight rights" and "d. Ten rights" are not widely recognized models in medication administration practices.

Description:Nitrous oxide, commonly known as "laughing gas," is an adjuvant drug used during anesthesia to help provide pain relief and reduce anxiety in patients. It's often used in combination with other anesthetic agents to achieve the desired level of sedation and analgesia during medical procedures. Options "a. Halogen," "b. Medicated air," and "d. Propofol" are not typically classified as adjuvant drugs used during anesthesia.

Description:When a normal saline solution is connected to an arterial line for measuring blood pressure, a small amount of heparin is often added to the solution to prevent blood clot formation and maintain the patency of the arterial line. This helps ensure accurate blood pressure measurements and prevents potential complications related to clotting within the line. The other options ("a. Protamine," "b. Calcium," and "c. Potassium") are not typically added to normal saline solutions for this purpose.

Description:The nurse should check the prescription "c. Three times" before administering medication to a patient. This practice is commonly referred to as the "Three Checks" in medication administration. The nurse checks the prescription against the medication order three separate times to ensure accuracy and patient safety before giving the medication.

Description:The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is administered using the "b. Intradermal scratch injection" method. In this technique, the vaccine is injected into the top layers of the skin using a small needle or a special instrument to create a scratch-like entry point. This method helps stimulate an immune response and is commonly used for BCG vaccination to provide immunity against tuberculosis. The other options are not appropriate methods for administering the BCG vaccine.

Description:The nursing action that should not be performed when using the Z-track method of drug injection is "d. Rub the site vigorously after the injection to promote absorption." The Z-track method involves displacing the skin before injection, using a needle of appropriate length, and withdrawing the needle before releasing the displaced skin. The purpose of the Z-track method is to create a zigzag pathway for the medication, preventing it from leaking back along the needle track and causing irritation. Rubbing the site vigorously after the injection can disrupt the integrity of the Z-track and potentially cause irritation or leakage of the medication. Therefore, it is important to avoid rubbing the site after the injection when using the Z-track method. The other options describe appropriate steps in performing the Z-track method of drug injection.

Description:The immediate nursing action when observing a fine rash on a patient's skin after administering a penicillin injection would be to "c. Withhold the medication and notify the physician." A rash could be an early sign of an allergic reaction, especially in the case of penicillin, which is known to cause allergic responses in some individuals. It's important to stop the medication administration and inform the physician so that they can assess the situation and recommend appropriate actions. The other options may not address the potential allergic reaction appropriately.

Description:The method used while administering irritating medication via the intramuscular (IM) route is the Z track method. This technique involves pulling the skin and underlying tissues to the side before inserting the needle into the muscle. After the injection, the skin is released, creating a zig-zag or "Z" path that helps prevent the medication from leaking back into the subcutaneous tissue, which can cause irritation and staining of the skin. This method is particularly useful for medications that may cause discomfort or staining if they come into contact with subcutaneous tissues.

Description:The nerve that is more likely to get injured in an improper dorsogluteal intramuscular (IM) injection is the sciatic nerve. The dorsogluteal site is one of the common sites for IM injections, but if the injection is not administered correctly, there is a risk of injuring the sciatic nerve, which runs through that area. It's important for healthcare professionals to be well-trained in proper injection techniques to avoid such complications.

Description:The administration of medication directly into the bone marrow is known as intraosseous administration. This method is used in emergency situations when intravenous access is difficult to obtain, and it allows for rapid delivery of medications or fluids directly into the bloodstream through the bone marrow.

Description:The administration of medication into the subarachnoid space, which is the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, is known as intrathecal administration. This route is often used for certain medical procedures and treatments, such as spinal anesthesia, pain management, and certain chemotherapy drugs.

Description:A cone-shaped or oval-shaped drug that is inserted into the rectum and melts at body temperature is known as a suppository. Suppositories are solid medications that are designed to melt or dissolve once inserted into the rectum, releasing the active ingredients for absorption into the bloodstream. They are commonly used for various medical purposes, such as delivering medications, treating constipation, and reducing fever.

Description:The Z-track method of injection is used to prevent leakage of medication into the subcutaneous tissue by creating a zig-zag or "Z" path when administering injections. This method is often used for intramuscular injections, especially when administering medications that can cause skin irritation or staining. The Z-track technique involves pulling the skin and underlying tissues to the side before injecting the medication into the muscle, and then releasing the skin after the injection. This helps seal the injection site and prevents the medication from leaking into the subcutaneous tissue.

Description:In congestive heart failure, already fluid overload is there. So, blood transfusion may worsen the condition. In all other conditions blood transfusion is the treatment of choice.

Description:Rapid transfusion of cold blood places the patient at risk for cardiac dysrhythmias. ECG machine and cardiac monitor are used to assess the cardiac function but not for prevention of dysrhythmias. Syring pump is used for infusion of very small amount of drugs but nor used for blood transfusion. Blood warmer is needed to rewarm the cold blood temperature before transfusion.

Description:Stretching the skin during an intramuscular (IM) injection helps to create tension at the injection site, which can aid in preventing the leakage of medication into the surrounding tissues. This technique is commonly used along with other methods like the Z-track method to ensure that the medication is effectively delivered into the muscle and doesn't leak into the subcutaneous tissue.

Description:All of the above solutions are used for mouth care. Other than these, commercially available solutions can also be used.

Description:The appropriate needle size for blood transfusion in an adult is typically 16 to 20 G (gauge). This gauge range provides a balance between the flow rate of the transfusion and the comfort of the patient during the procedure. Smaller gauge needles (higher numbers) are thinner and can be less uncomfortable for the patient, but they might also slow down the transfusion process. On the other hand, larger gauge needles (lower numbers) can speed up the process but might cause more discomfort.

Description:When administering ear drops to a child, the nurse typically pulls the ear upward and backward. This helps to straighten the ear canal, allowing the drops to be administered effectively. This technique helps ensure that the drops reach the ear canal properly and reduces the risk of discomfort or injury to the child.

Description:Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is administered to patients who have experienced heavy bleeding, such as in the case of trauma from a road traffic accident, in order to provide clotting factors. FFP contains various essential clotting factors like fibrinogen, factors II (prothrombin), V, VII, IX, X, and XI. These factors are crucial for the blood to clot properly, and administering FFP helps to replace these factors and restore the blood's ability to coagulate. Options a, c, and d are not correct because FFP is primarily used to address clotting factor deficiencies, not to increase platelet count, hemoglobin, or hematocrit.

Description:The VAP (Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia) bundle is a set of practices designed to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients who are on mechanical ventilation. The components of the VAP bundle typically include: Good hand hygiene practices Regular oral hygiene for the patient Elevation of the head end of the bed by 30-45 degrees The purpose of these measures is to prevent infections and complications that can arise from being on a ventilator. Option c is not a component of the VAP bundle. Limited patient movement while on a ventilator is important to minimize the risk of complications, but it is not one of the components specifically mentioned in the VAP bundle.

Description:1 mg (milligram) is equal to 1000 mcg (micrograms). Therefore, to convert from mcg to mg, you divide by 1000. So, 75 mcg of digoxin is equal to 75 / 1000 = 0.075 mg.