Description:CPR stands for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. It is a life-saving technique used in emergencies when someone's heartbeat or breathing has stopped, with the aim of restoring circulation and oxygenation to the body's vital organs.

Description:Arterioles are the blood vessels in the microcirculation that extend and branch our from an artery and lead to capillaries. A very small vein, especially one collecting blood from the capillaries and return to vein. Capillary beds can consist branch from arterials and provide exchanges between cells and the blood, and short vessels that directly connect the arterioles and venules at opposite ends or the beds.

Description:Factors that can interfere with the correct functioning of a pulse oximeter include: a. Carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide can bind to hemoglobin in a similar manner to oxygen, leading to inaccurate readings. b. Hypertension: High blood pressure can affect the accuracy of pulse oximeter readings, but it is not excluded from the list of factors that can interfere. c. Pulse volume: This is incorrect. Pulse volume can indeed affect the accuracy of pulse oximeter readings. d. Vasoconstriction: Constricted blood vessels can lead to reduced blood flow, which can impact the accuracy of pulse oximeter readings.

Description:ABC are the priority. So ensure that the client is having an open airway.

Description:During the immediate post-operative period, ensuring the patient's airway is open and unobstructed is a critical priority. This involves monitoring the patient's breathing, positioning, and taking necessary actions to prevent airway obstruction. Proper oxygenation and ventilation are essential for the patient's recovery and overall well-being. While other options like observing for hemorrhage, recording intake and output, and checking vital signs are important aspects of post-operative care, maintaining a patient's airway takes precedence as it directly impacts the patient's ability to breathe and receive oxygen.

Description:Nasal cannula is the best method for administering oxygen as it does not interfere with the usual activities of drinking, eating and mobility. A nasal cannula is generally used wherever small amounts of supplement oxygen are required.

Description:Pulse oximeter is the instrument used to measure the oxygen saturation. Billy blanket is used in double surface phototherapy.

Description:A red color venturi mask is generally used to deliver a specific concentration of oxygen to the patient. In this case, it delivers approximately 40% oxygen concentration at a flow rate of 10 liters per minute. Venturi masks are designed to provide accurate and controlled oxygen delivery, which is particularly important in patients with respiratory conditions who require precise oxygen concentrations.

Description:Nitrous oxide cylinder is blue in color, oxygen cylinder is black with white cap, chlorine, yellow and nitrogen: black

Description:Peau d'orange refers to a condition where the skin of the breast takes on a dimpled or orange-peel appearance, often associated with breast cancer. It is not directly related to oxygenation or oxygen therapy. The other options are indeed complications or effects associated with oxygenation: b. Paul Bert effect: This refers to the toxic effects of high partial pressures of oxygen (hyperoxia), which can occur when a person is exposed to high levels of oxygen for an extended period. It can lead to oxygen toxicity and various health issues. c. Lorrain Smith effect: This refers to the phenomenon where breathing in a higher percentage of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) can stimulate the respiratory drive in some individuals, especially those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). d. Retinopathy of prematurity: This is an eye condition that affects premature babies and is associated with abnormal blood vessel development in the retina. Oxygen therapy can play a role in its development.

Description:Oxygen therapy is not typically indicated for normal uncomplicated labor. In most cases of normal labor and delivery, the oxygen levels in the mother and baby are well-maintained without the need for supplemental oxygen. However, if complications arise during labor, such as fetal distress or maternal oxygen desaturation, oxygen therapy might be considered. In contrast: a. Drowning: Oxygen therapy is commonly used in cases of drowning to assist with resuscitation and to improve oxygenation. b. Chest injuries: Oxygen therapy is often used in cases of chest injuries to ensure proper oxygen supply to the body and promote healing. c. Poisoning: Oxygen therapy can be helpful in cases of poisoning to increase the oxygen supply to tissues and aid in the elimination of toxic substances. So, the correct answer is d. Normal uncomplicated labor.

Description:Oxygen therapy is recommended in various medical conditions, including: a. Severe respiratory distress: Oxygen therapy can help improve oxygenation in patients experiencing severe respiratory distress, such as those with acute respiratory failure, exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). b. Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack): Oxygen therapy might be recommended in cases of acute myocardial infarction to ensure adequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle and other tissues. c. Severe trauma: Oxygen therapy can be beneficial for patients with severe trauma to support tissue oxygenation and overall recovery. Oxygen therapy is used to address hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels) and to provide sufficient oxygen to the body's tissues and organs in various critical or high-risk situations.

Description:The recommended flow rate of oxygen via a nasal cannula typically ranges from 1 to 4 liters per minute. Nasal cannulas are commonly used for delivering low to moderate levels of supplemental oxygen to patients who require a mild increase in their oxygen intake. The flow rate is adjusted based on the patient's oxygen requirements and clinical condition.

Description:78.04% nitrogen; 13.6% -16% oxygen:4%-5.3% carbon dioxide, 1% argon and other gases.

Description:The purpose of humidifying oxygen during oxygen therapy is to prevent the respiratory tract from becoming too dry due to the administration of dry oxygen. Breathing dry oxygen can lead to the drying of mucous membranes in the respiratory tract, causing discomfort and potentially leading to increased production of thicker mucus. This can make it more difficult for the patient to clear their airways effectively. By humidifying the oxygen, moisture is added to the inhaled air, helping to keep the respiratory tract more comfortable and reducing the risk of mucus becoming too thick and difficult to manage. The other options are not accurate explanations for the purpose of humidifying oxygen during oxygen therapy.

Description:Iron deficiency anemia is a condition characterized by a decreased amount of red blood cells in the body due to insufficient iron. This can lead to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood, which in turn can result in symptoms such as increased breathlessness (dyspnea) and decreased activity tolerance. Since the blood is unable to transport sufficient oxygen to body tissues, patients with iron deficiency anemia often experience these symptoms when they exert themselves or engage in physical activities. So, option b. Increased breathlessness and decreased activity tolerance would be the symptoms a nurse would assess to determine the oxygen status of a patient with iron deficiency anemia.

Description:Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) often have obstructed airways and reduced lung function. Oxygen therapy in these patients must be carefully managed to avoid inhibiting their respiratory drive, which can occur if too much oxygen is given. Giving high concentrations of oxygen can suppress the drive to breathe, leading to inadequate ventilation and accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body, a condition known as "carbon dioxide narcosis." This is why oxygen therapy in COPD patients is usually prescribed with caution and titrated carefully to avoid worsening their condition. The other options (increased PaCO2, maintaining airway patency, preventing atelectasis) do play roles in managing COPD patients, but they are not the primary concern when it comes to the cautious administration of oxygen therapy in COPD.

Description:Incentive spirometry is a breathing exercise device used to improve lung function and prevent pulmonary complications, particularly after surgery or when a patient has conditions that may lead to reduced lung expansion. The objectives of incentive spirometry include: a. To reduce transpulmonary pressure: This is not a specific objective of incentive spirometry. In fact, incentive spirometry is aimed at increasing lung volumes and improving lung expansion, which may indirectly affect transpulmonary pressure, but it's not a primary objective. b. To increase inspiratory volumes: Incentive spirometry is designed to encourage patients to take deep breaths, which helps increase their inspiratory volumes and lung expansion. c. To maintain airway patency: Deep breaths encouraged by incentive spirometry can help prevent the collapse of alveoli and maintain the patency of the airways. d. To prevent atelectasis: Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of a portion of the lung, and incentive spirometry is often used to help prevent it by promoting full lung expansion.

Description:Zero level of the manometer is adjusted to mid axillary line, at the level of patients right atrium.

Description:Bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation is indicated when a newborn baby is apneic (not breathing) and has heart rates less than 100 beats per minute. It's a method used to provide positive pressure ventilation to help the baby breathe and improve oxygenation.

Description:In recording oral temperature, precautions include consistent timing (a), waiting 3 minutes after placing the thermometer (b), avoiding recent smoking (c), but continuing oxygen for patients who require it (d).

Description:Tepid cold sponging is useful for reducing fever, but not effective for patients not responding to antipyretic drugs. Other precautions include not leaving the patient alone, being aware of potential rigors and convulsions, and considering antipyretic administration.

Description:To avoid disrupting the IV infusion, the nurse would take the blood pressure in the patient's left arm. This helps ensure accurate readings while maintaining the IV site's integrity.

Description:When performing a lumbar puncture (also known as a spinal tap) in an adult, the needle is typically inserted between the L3-L4 or L4-L5 vertebral levels. This is done in the lower back area of the spine. The purpose of a lumbar puncture is to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic purposes or to measure the pressure within the spinal canal.

Description:The concentration of oxygen in expired air is around 13.6% to 16%, which is lower than the approximately 20.9% oxygen concentration in ambient air. This reduction in oxygen concentration is due to the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide during the process of respiration in the body.