Description:The drug used to treat itching is known as an antipruritic. So, the correct answer is: d. Antipruritic

Description:Anaphylaxis is an allergic reaction to an antigen (e.g., an antibiotic) to which the body has become hypersensitive. It typically causes a number of symptoms including an itchy rash, throat swelling and low blood pressure.

Description:Substances used to counteract the effects of poison are called antidotes. So, the correct answer is: d. Antidotes

Description:The ability of a drug to cause fetal damage is called teratogenicity. So, the correct answer is: d. Teratogenicity

Description:Teratogenic drugs crosses placental barrier and cause damage to the growth and development of fetus.

Description:Cholagogues are drugs used to increase the amount of secretion of bile.

Description:Astringents are drugs used for various purposes, including as cosmetics, to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions, and to arrest secretions. So, the correct answer is: d. All of the above.

Description:Glucose is added to Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) to increase the absorption of sodium and other electrolytes. So, the correct answer is: d. Increase the absorption of sodium

Description:The age-appropriate dosage form for a 7-year-old boy to administer an antibiotic for the treatment of his ear infection is usually an oral suspension. This is because young children may have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules, and oral suspensions are easier to administer in such cases and can be dosed more accurately for children.

Description:An enteric coating is a polymer barrier applied to oral medication that prevents its dissolution or disintegration in the gastric environment. Film coating are very thin layers of a safe ingredient placed around the table to again protect the tongue from the flavor of the contents and protect the contents from moisture and light. Due to its large size, sugar coating are largely replaced by film coating to mask the unpleasant odor/taste of the drug.

Description:A liquid containing a drug with syrup, glycerin, or alcohol added to mask its unpleasant taste is known as an elixir.

Description:A liquid consisting of undissolved particles of one or more medicinal agents mixed with a liquid vehicle for oral administration is known as a suspension.

Description:An aqueous solution of sucrose containing added medicinal substances is known as syrup.

Description:A medication that is metabolized and converted into a pharmacologically active drug after administration is known as a prodrug.

Description:IV route of administration is the fastest route and bypasses absorption barriers and first pass metabolism. It is used when a rapid effect is required in continuous administration and in large volumes.

Description:Enalapril is a prodrug. A prodrug is an inactive or less active compound that, when metabolized within the body, is converted into the active form of the drug. In the case of enalapril, it is converted into the active drug enalaprilat, which is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.

Description:Oxazepam is not a prodrug. It is a benzodiazepine medication used to treat anxiety and related conditions. Prodrugs, as mentioned earlier, are compounds that are metabolized into their active form within the body. Allopurinol, Levodopa, and Prednisone are indeed prodrugs.

Description:Prontosil is the earliest discovered prodrug. It was one of the first drugs in the sulfonamide class and was developed in the early 1930s. Prontosil is metabolized in the body to its active form, sulfanilamide, which has antibacterial properties. This discovery marked a significant milestone in the development of antibiotics.

Description:A soft drug is a biologically active compound which gets bio-transformed rapidly in vivo and begins the pharmacologically.

Description:Ticlopidine is a prodrug. It is metabolized in the body to its active form, which inhibits platelet function, making it an antiplatelet medication used to prevent blood clots.

Description:The oral route of drug administration is most likely to lead to the first-pass effect. When a drug is taken orally (by mouth), it is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and then passes through the liver before entering the systemic circulation. During this first pass through the liver, the drug may undergo metabolism, which can alter its chemical structure and effectiveness. Other routes, such as sublingual, intravenous, and intramuscular, bypass or minimize the first-pass effect.

Description:The therapeutic serum drug value of lithium is 0.6-1.2 mEq/L (maintenance). During acute phase: 1.0-1.5 mEq/L.

Description:The therapeutic plasma level of digoxin typically falls within the range of 0.8 to 1.5 ng/mL. This range is considered effective for managing heart conditions while minimizing the risk of toxicity. However, individual patient factors may require adjustments to the target range under medical supervision.

Description:The therapeutic serum level of digoxin typically falls within the range of 0.5 to 2 ng/mL. This range is considered effective for managing heart conditions while minimizing the risk of toxicity. However, individual patient factors may require adjustments to the target range under medical supervision.

Description:In the treatment of seizures, serum therapeutic level of phenytoin must be maintained around between 10 and 20 mcg/mL for effectiveness.