Description:Amount of blood flow to the site of injection determines the rate of absorption of drug into the circulation. Amount of body fat may determine the size of the needle to be used. Muscle tone and strength do not have any effect on drug absorption.

Description:Dorsogluteal muscle is not sufficiently developed to be safe injection site for infants and small children. Other mentioned sites are safe for I.M. injection in a 2 year old child.

Description:BCG, Mantoux and drug sensitivity test are administered intradermally. The needle is inserted 15 degree angle.

Description:Oral administration is not considered a local route of drug administration. It is a systemic route because drugs taken orally are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and then distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. In contrast, the other options mentioned are local routes of drug administration: a. Topical administration involves applying the drug directly to the skin or mucous membranes for localized effects. b. Intra-articular administration involves injecting the drug directly into a joint to target a specific area. d. Intra-vaginal administration involves introducing the drug into the vaginal cavity for localized effects in that area.

Description:When a patient is unconscious, they cannot swallow or inhale medication on their own, and enteral (through the gastrointestinal tract) or oral routes are not suitable. Therefore, healthcare providers often use the parental route, which includes methods like intravenous (IV) injections, intramuscular (IM) injections, or subcutaneous (SC) injections to deliver medications directly into the bloodstream or muscle tissue, ensuring rapid and effective drug delivery even when the patient is unconscious.

Description:Injection of a drug directly into joints is termed "Intra-articular." This method involves delivering medication directly into a joint for localized treatment, typically to reduce inflammation or alleviate joint-related conditions.

Description:The administration of a drug into the spinal cavity is termed "Intrathecal." This route involves delivering medication directly into the space around the spinal cord for targeted therapeutic purposes, such as pain management or spinal anesthesia.

Description:The route of administration that refers to the introduction of a drug directly into the bone marrow is "Intramedullary." This method involves delivering the medication directly into the innermost part of the bone, the marrow, for specific therapeutic purposes.

Description:The application of a drug on the skin with friction is known as "inunction." This method involves rubbing the drug into the skin with a rubbing or friction motion to facilitate absorption through the skin's surface for localized or systemic effects.

Description:The administration of a drug in liquid form into a body cavity or body orifice is known as "instillation." This means introducing the liquid medication into specific areas of the body using drops or a gentle flow to deliver the medication precisely where it's needed for treatment or relief.

Description:Administering a test dose intradermally involves injecting a small amount of the medication just beneath the top layer of the skin to check for any allergic reactions or hypersensitivity before giving the full therapeutic dose.

Description:Sublingual administration bypasses the first-pass metabolism of the drug in the liver. Sublingual nitroglycerine is rapidly absorbed into circulation through blood vessels in sublingual mucosa and is useful for the management of angina pectoris.

Description:Nitroglycerin is often administered sublingually (under the tongue) to provide rapid relief from chest pain or angina by allowing the medication to be absorbed quickly through the mucous membranes in the mouth.

Description:However, the choice of injection site may vary based on healthcare guidelines and individual patient factors. It's important to follow the recommendations provided by a healthcare professional for the specific injection technique and site.

Description:Rotating injection sites helps prevent the development of lipodystrophy, which is a condition where fat tissue at the injection site can become lumpy or pitted, affecting insulin absorption. Proper rotation ensures consistent insulin absorption and helps maintain glycemic control.

Description:Sensitivity or allergic reaction to drug is tested by administering the drug intradermally usually with a very minimal dose (0.01-0.2 ml.)

Description:The abbreviation "hs" stands for "at bed time." It indicates the time when you should take a medication or perform a certain action, which is typically before you go to sleep at night. So, the correct answer is (a) "At bed time."

Description:The abbreviation "gtt" means "a drop." So, the correct answer is (a) "A drop."

Description:qd means every day; qid means 4 times a day.

Description:OS means left eye; OD-righted eye; OU-both eyes.

Description:Amikacin has the highest potential to cause ototoxicity among aminoglycoside antibiotics. Neomycin has the maximum potential to cause nephrotoxicity.

Description:Gray baby syndrome is a rare but serious side effect that occurs in newborn infants (especially premature infants) following the intravenous administration of chloramphenicol, an antimicrobial agents.

Description:The antibiotic that does not act by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria is (d) Cefotaxime. Cefotaxime is a cephalosporin antibiotic that works by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, not by inhibiting protein synthesis like the other antibiotics listed (Amikacin, Gentamycin, and Clindamycin) which are known to target protein synthesis in bacteria.

Description:Cotrimoxazole is a combination of two drugs: (c) Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole.

Description:Ciprofloxacin (option a) is generally contraindicated in infants. It is not typically recommended for use in pediatric populations, especially in infants, due to potential adverse effects on growing cartilage and the risk of joint problems. It's important to consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing and drug selection in infants and young children.