Description:Endemic refers to the constant presence of an infection or disease within a specific geographical area without any significant external input or widespread outbreaks. In other words, it's a disease that regularly occurs in a particular region or population at a relatively steady rate, and it doesn't necessarily cause large-scale outbreaks like epidemics or pandemics.

Description:Option a is epidemic, option b is pandemic, option c is sporadic, option d is endemic.

Description:Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans or vice versa. When there is an outbreak of a disease in a bird population that can potentially affect humans, it is considered a zoonotic outbreak. An epidemic typically refers to the rapid spread of a disease within a specific human population, and endemic refers to a constant presence of a disease in a specific area. "Epornithic" is not a recognized term in this context.

Description:Quarantine is a public health measure used to separate and restrict the movement of individuals who may have been exposed to a contagious disease but are not yet showing symptoms. It is typically done during the time period between infection and the multiplication of the disease-causing organism within the person's body to prevent further spread of the disease. Option c accurately describes this concept. Options a, b, and d are not accurate definitions of quarantine.

Description:John snow is the father of epidemiology.

Description:A disease that is endemic is found in a center geographic region or in a specific race of people.

Description:Tear out by roots means eradication of the disease.

Description:A carrier is a person who is infected with a disease-causing microorganism (such as a bacterium or virus) but does not show signs or symptoms of the disease. However, carriers can still transmit the disease to others, which makes them a potential source of infection for those around them. Options a, b, and c do not accurately describe a person who can transmit a disease without showing signs of it.

Description:Control of a disease refers to reducing its incidence and prevalence to a level where it no longer poses a significant public health problem. It involves various measures to manage and mitigate the impact of the disease. Elimination and eradication are more specific terms: Elimination typically means reducing the disease to zero incidence in a defined geographical area, but it might still exist elsewhere. Eradication means completely wiping out a disease worldwide so that it no longer occurs anywhere. Surveillance is the continuous monitoring and collection of data related to disease occurrence and spread.

Description:The basic unit of society is typically considered to be the family. It is the fundamental social structure where individuals are often first introduced to social norms, values, and interpersonal relationships. While individuals are essential components of society, the family is the building block upon which larger social structures like communities and countries are constructed. "PHC" stands for Primary Health Care and is a healthcare concept, not a fundamental unit of society. "Country" is a broader geopolitical entity that encompasses many families and individuals.

Description:Incidence is a measure of the rate at which new cases of a particular disease or condition occur in a population over a specific period of time. Therefore, incidence does include the unit of time, typically expressed as person-time (e.g., person-years). Options a, b, and d are true statements about incidence: a. Denominator includes the population at risk because incidence considers only those individuals who are susceptible to developing the disease. b. Numerator includes the number of new cases because incidence measures the occurrence of new cases during a specified time period. d. It is a rate because incidence is a measure of the frequency of new cases per unit of population and time.

Description: The serial interval is the time interval between the onset of symptoms in a primary case (the individual who initially becomes infected) and the onset of symptoms in a secondary case (an individual infected by the primary case). It is an important epidemiological measure used to understand the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. Options a and b refer to incubation periods, but they are not specifically related to the time between primary and secondary cases. Option d, the window period, typically refers to the time between infection and when a specific diagnostic test can detect the infection.

Description:Alzheimer's disease is often referred to as the "silent epidemic" of the century because it is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects memory and cognitive function. It is characterized by a gradual and subtle onset of symptoms, often in older adults, and the disease can progress slowly without obvious signs in its early stages. This "silent" progression and the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in an aging population make it a significant public health concern. While chronic obstructive lung disease (option c) is a serious health issue, Alzheimer's disease is often described as the "silent epidemic" due to its unique characteristics.

Description:The communicable period refers to the time between infection and when an infected individual becomes capable of transmitting the infection to others. It represents the duration during which the individual is contagious or can spread the disease to others. Options a, b, and c are related to different aspects of disease transmission: a. Incubation period is the time between infection and the onset of symptoms in the infected individual. b. Serial interval is the time between the onset of symptoms in a primary case and the onset of symptoms in a secondary case, used to understand the transmission dynamics of a disease. c. Generation time is similar to the serial interval and represents the time between the infection of one individual and the infection of another individual through direct or indirect contact.

Description:An obligate host means the single host in which complete life cycle of infecting agent completes. Without this host the cycle of the parasite will not complete.

Description:A transport host, in the context of parasitology, is an organism in which a parasite remains alive but does not undergo further development or reproduction. It serves as a means of transportation for the parasite to move from one location to another or to access a suitable host for its next stage of development. The transport host does not play a direct role in the completion of the parasite's life cycle, as it does not host the sexual or reproductive stages of the parasit

Description:Option a is incubatory carrier, option b is convince carrier, option c is healthy carrier or asymptomatic carrier, option d in the simple definition of carrier.

Description:Infection means a successful entry, development and or multiplication of organism in the body of living being, but of the organism fails to cause signs and symptoms of disease in the individual, it called as sub clinical infection.

Description:A pandemic refers to the widespread and global spread of a communicable disease, often affecting multiple countries and regions. It signifies a significant increase in the number of cases of a disease beyond what is typically expected, and it often involves the international spread of the disease, impacting multiple countries and continents. Options a and b are related but on different scales: Endemic refers to the consistent presence of a disease at a relatively constant level within a specific geographical area or population. Epidemic refers to the sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific community or region, exceeding the expected number of cases. Option c, "episodic," is not a standard term used in epidemiology to describe the spread of a communicable disease.

Description:The window period in the context of infectious diseases, particularly those diagnosed using antibody tests, refers to the time interval between the initial infection with a pathogen (e.g., a virus) and the point at which antibodies against that pathogen can be reliably detected in a person's blood or other bodily fluids. During this window period, an infected individual may test negative for antibodies even though they are infected because their immune system has not produced detectable levels of antibodies yet.

Description:The time period between infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and the detection of antibodies against HIV in a person's blood is known as the "window period." During this window period, an individual may be infected with HIV, but standard HIV antibody tests may not yet be able to detect the virus. It can take several weeks to a few months for antibodies to develop to a detectable level, which is why it's called the window period.

Description:The commonest cause of maternal morbidity in India, as well as globally, is b. Hemorrhage (excessive bleeding). Hemorrhage during childbirth or in the postpartum period can lead to severe complications and maternal morbidity. It is a significant concern in maternal healthcare and is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide, including in India. Efforts are made to prevent, manage, and treat maternal hemorrhage to reduce its impact on maternal health.

Description:The quarantine period should be based on the minimum incubation period of the disease in question. The incubation period is the time between exposure to a pathogen (like a virus) and the onset of symptoms in an infected person. By using the minimum incubation period for the disease, authorities can help ensure that individuals who have been exposed to the pathogen but have not yet developed symptoms are quarantined long enough to prevent the potential spread of the disease. Quarantine periods can vary depending on the disease, and they are typically determined based on the best available scientific evidence regarding the specific pathogen.

Description:MMR = Total number of female death due to complications of pregnancy, child birth or within 42 days of delivery from puerperal causes in an during given year/total number of live birth.

Description:Prematurity (being born too early) and low birth weight are significant causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, not only in India but globally. Babies born prematurely or with a low birth weight are at increased risk of various health complications and have a higher likelihood of experiencing health issues during the neonatal period, including respiratory distress syndrome, infections, and other complications. While other factors like diarrheal diseases, birth injuries, and congenital anomalies can also contribute to neonatal morbidity, prematurity and low birth weight are particularly prevalent concerns and are often a focus of efforts to improve neonatal healthcare outcomes.