Description:Missed cases are identified by: c. Sentinel surveillance Sentinel surveillance involves targeted monitoring of specific groups or locations to identify cases that might not otherwise be reported through routine surveillance systems. It helps in uncovering hidden or missed cases in the community.

Description:To estimate morbidity in a community, one of the methods used is: b. Active surveillance Active surveillance involves actively seeking out cases of a specific disease or condition by systematically collecting data from various sources, such as healthcare facilities, to monitor and estimate the extent of morbidity in the community.

Description:Screening of immigrants for infectious diseases is referred to as: b. Prospective screening Prospective screening involves examining individuals or groups before they develop symptoms or show signs of disease to identify and address potential health risks, including infectious diseases, at an early stage. This is often done as part of immigration procedures to protect public health.

Description:In India, goiter is commonly found in: b. Himalayan region Goiter is more prevalent in areas with iodine deficiency, and the Himalayan region is known to have a higher incidence of goiter due to the low iodine content in the soil and water in those areas.

Description:Cerebral hemorrhage, also known as intracerebral hemorrhage, is the leading cause of stroke in India. It occurs when there is bleeding within the brain tissue, often due to conditions like high blood pressure. While cerebral thrombosis (a blood clot within a cerebral blood vessel) and cerebral embolism (a traveling blood clot) are also common causes of stroke, cerebral hemorrhage is particularly prevalent in India.

Description:The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India is typically conducted every: c. 5 years The NFHS is a comprehensive survey that gathers information on various aspects of health and family welfare, including demographic, maternal and child health, and nutrition-related data. It is conducted approximately every five years to track changes and trends in these areas.

Description:The floating tip of the iceberg in epidemiology represents the cases that have become clinically apparent and are typically diagnosed and reported. These cases are visible and known to the healthcare system.

Description:The submerged part of the iceberg in epidemiology represents cases that go undiagnosed or unreported. These are cases that are not clinically apparent and remain hidden from the healthcare system or surveillance efforts.

Description:The concept of the iceberg phenomenon in epidemiology highlights the distinction between cases that are apparent (visible and clinically evident) and those that are inapparent (not clinically evident, often undiagnosed or asymptomatic). This helps to illustrate the extent of a health issue, with the visible portion representing the cases that are known and reported, and the submerged portion representing cases that are hidden or undetected.

Description:This phenomenon is often used to describe the visible, clinical cases of protein-energy malnutrition, while the larger, hidden portion of the iceberg represents undetected or less severe cases of malnutrition in the population.

Description:The tip of the iceberg represents: a. Visible cases In epidemiology, the "tip of the iceberg" refers to the cases that are visible, clinically apparent, and often diagnosed and reported. These are the cases that are known to healthcare authorities and are typically the most severe or symptomatic cases of a particular disease or health condition.

Description:OPV is the most heart sensitive vaccine and has temperature sensitive label called vaccine vial monitor (VVM). Since this vaccine is heart sensitive it is stored in freezer compartment.

Description:Immunity acquired through natural infection is: c. Natural active immunity Natural active immunity occurs when an individual's immune system is exposed to a pathogen through natural infection. The immune system responds by producing antibodies and memory cells to protect against future infections with the same pathogen. This is in contrast to artificial active immunity, which is acquired through vaccination.

Description:Herd immunity primarily applies to diseases that spread from person to person, and tetanus is not one of those diseases. Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is found in soil and enters the body through open wounds or cuts, not through person-to-person transmission. Therefore, herd immunity is not relevant in the context of tetanus prevention. It is, however, important for diseases like polio, rubella, and measles, which do spread from person to person.

Description:Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short term immunization by the injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipients cells.

Description:Viral proteins called interferons, which play a crucial role in innate immunity, are classified under: c. Cytokine barriers Interferons are signaling proteins that belong to the cytokine family. They are produced by infected cells and serve as signaling molecules to help activate the immune response and inhibit viral replication during viral infections.

Description:The test used to identify the immunity status against diphtheria is the Schick test (option a). This test helps determine if an individual is susceptible to diphtheria by assessing their antibody levels against the diphtheria toxin.

Description:The statement "Herd immunity is constant" is not true. Herd immunity can change over time and is not a constant state. It depends on various factors, including the rate of vaccination, the presence of the disease in the population, and the level of immunity in the community. As these factors change, the level of herd immunity can also change. So, the correct answer is: a. Herd immunity is constant (This statement is not true)

Description:The MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine is typically administered subcutaneously in the outer aspect of the upper arm. So, the correct answer is: c. Subcutaneously in the outer aspect of the upper arm.

Description:BCG vaccine is live attenuated vaccine, which provides protection against Tuberculosis

Description:The vaccine that can leave a permanent scar in babies is the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine. So, the correct answer is: d. BCG

Description:Vaccine against H1N1 influenza was approved in the year of 2009

Description:In 1980 smallpox was eradicated from the world.

Description:Polyvalent vaccines are designed to protect against multiple strains or serotypes of a single microorganism or multiple microorganisms. They are used to provide broader protection against infectious diseases.

Description:Anti-rabies vaccine in an active immunizing agent used to prevent infection caused by the rabies virus. Anit-rabies vaccine is a type of killed/inactivated vaccine.