Description:Rubella vaccine, also known as the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine, should not be given to pregnant women because it contains live viruses, which could potentially harm the developing fetus. The other vaccines listed (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Hepatitis B) are generally safe during pregnancy and may be recommended in certain situations. However, the specific recommendations may vary, so it's important for pregnant women to consult with their healthcare provider regarding vaccinations.

Description:The first dose of the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine is typically given at the age of: d. 9 months However, vaccination schedules may vary by country or region, so it's essential to follow the specific recommendations of your local healthcare authorities.

Description:The MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine provides protection against all of the following diseases: a. Mumps c. Rubella d. Rubeola (Measles) So, the correct answer is: b. Meningitis (The MMR vaccine does not protect against meningitis.)

Description:The zero dose of the polio vaccine, also known as the "birth dose," is typically administered shortly after birth to provide early protection against polio (poliomyelitis) in areas where the disease is still a concern.

Description:The false statement regarding live vaccines among the options provided is: a. Two live vaccines cannot be administered simultaneously In some cases, two live vaccines can be administered simultaneously if recommended by healthcare professionals. However, there may be specific guidelines and considerations for co-administering live vaccines. The other statements (b, c, d) do not accurately represent live vaccines: b. Booster doses may or may not be required for live vaccines, depending on the vaccine and the disease. c. Not all live vaccines provide lifelong immunity; the duration of immunity can vary. d. Live vaccines typically contain both major and minor antigens to stimulate an immune response.

Description:The adjuvant used in the DPT vaccine is not magnesium. The correct answer is b. Aluminum. Aluminum salts, such as aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate, are commonly used as adjuvants in vaccines, including the DPT (Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis) vaccine. Adjuvants are added to vaccines to enhance the body's immune response to the antigens in the vaccine.

Description:The statement that is not true about polio vaccination is: a. Follow up of AFP every 30 days AFP stands for Acute Flaccid Paralysis, which is a symptom of some polio cases. While it is important to monitor cases of AFP for potential polio infection, it is not done every 30 days as a routine part of polio vaccination. Instead, surveillance for AFP cases is an ongoing process, and suspected cases are reported and investigated promptly. The frequency of follow-up depends on the situation and the presence of suspected cases. The other statements are generally true: b. Salk contains three types of polio virus: The Salk vaccine, also known as the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), contains inactivated (killed) poliovirus from all three types (type 1, type 2, and type 3). c. Pulse polio vaccines are extra and supplemental: Pulse polio vaccination campaigns are typically conducted as additional vaccination efforts to supplement routine immunization programs. They are often used to target specific high-risk populations and achieve broader polio immunization coverage. d. Oral polio vaccine provides intestinal immunity also: The oral polio vaccine (OPV) contains weakened live poliovirus strains. When administered orally, it provides not only systemic immunity but also intestinal immunity, which can help interrupt polio transmission in communities where the virus is circulating. So, option "a" is the incorrect statement in the context of routine polio vaccination.

Description:The statement that is not true about the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is: c. Live attenuated vaccine Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is indeed a live attenuated vaccine. It contains weakened live poliovirus strains. So, option "c" is not accurate in the context of OPV.

Description:The statement that is not true about the Salk vaccine (inactivated polio vaccine or IPV) is: d. Easily transported Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), such as the Salk vaccine, can be more challenging to transport and store than the oral polio vaccine (OPV). IPV often requires a cold chain to maintain its stability and effectiveness, as it is sensitive to temperature fluctuations. OPV is more temperature-stable and can be easier to transport and administer in areas with limited access to refrigeration facilities. So, option "d" is the incorrect statement in the context of IPV.

Description:The correct option for a live attenuated vaccine is: a. BCG The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine used to protect against tuberculosis. The other options, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis, and Salk (inactivated polio vaccine), are not live attenuated vaccines.

Description:The vaccine-preventable neonatal disease among the options listed is: d. Tetanus Neonatal tetanus is a preventable disease, and vaccination of pregnant women with tetanus toxoid-containing vaccines (such as Tdap) can help protect newborns from tetanus infection. The other diseases listed (Tuberculosis, Measles, and Pertussis) can also be prevented through vaccination but are not specifically neonatal diseases.

Description:The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is: b. Live attenuated BCG is a live attenuated vaccine used to protect against tuberculosis (TB).

Description:The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is typically given: b. Intradermal It is administered into the skin (dermis) rather than into the muscle, subcutaneous tissue, or intravenously.

Description:The dose of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) given at birth in case institutional deliveries is referred to as the: c. Zero dose This zero dose of OPV is provided to infants to provide some level of protection against polio until they receive their routine primary doses of the vaccine.

Description:The killed vaccine of polio is: a. Salk The Salk vaccine, also known as the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), is an example of a killed polio vaccine. The Sabin vaccine (b) is an example of an oral polio vaccine (OPV), which contains live attenuated poliovirus strains. So, the correct answer is option "a."

Description:The most heat-sensitive vaccine among the options listed is: c. OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) OPV is known for its sensitivity to heat and requires careful temperature control during storage and transportation to maintain its effectiveness. Other vaccines like Measles, DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus), and Hepatitis B are relatively more heat-stable.

Description:Reconstituted measles vaccine should generally be used within: b. 3 hours After reconstitution, the measles vaccine should be administered relatively quickly, typically within 3 hours, to ensure its effectiveness and potency. Beyond this timeframe, the vaccine may start to lose its potency, so it's important to use it promptly. Proper storage and handling of vaccines are essential to maintain their efficacy.

Description:The statement that is not true about the measles vaccine is: b. Single in dose 0.5 mL The measles vaccine is typically administered as a single dose, but the volume can vary depending on the formulation. The standard dose of the measles vaccine is usually about 0.5 mL, but it may be given in different volumes depending on the manufacturer and presentation. The other statements are generally true: a. Freeze-dried live attenuated vaccine: The measles vaccine is indeed a freeze-dried live attenuated vaccine. c. Occasionally associated with TSS: The measles vaccine can be occasionally associated with a condition called Transient Synovitis Syndrome (TSS), although it is a rare side effect. d. Contraindicated in pregnancy: The measles vaccine is contraindicated during pregnancy because it contains a live attenuated virus that could pose a risk to the developing fetus. Pregnant women should generally wait until after giving birth to receive the measles vaccine if they are not already immune.

Description:Active immunization following exposure, also known as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), is most commonly given for: a. Rabies Rabies is a viral infection that can be transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. Following exposure to a potentially rabid animal, individuals are often given the rabies vaccine as part of PEP to prevent the development of rabies. This treatment is highly effective when administered promptly after exposure.

Description:Frozen DPT vaccine should be discarded.

Description:The cold chain system is the process of preserving: d. Vaccines. The cold chain system is a critical infrastructure for the storage, transportation, and distribution of vaccines at the appropriate temperature range to ensure their effectiveness and safety. It helps maintain the potency of vaccines and prevent spoilage or degradation due to temperature fluctuations.

Description:Measles and polio vaccines are very sensitive to heart of maintain their potency at 2-8 degree Celsius. Hence, it is stored.

Description:The cold chain system is the process of preserving: d. Vaccines. The cold chain system is a critical infrastructure for the storage, transportation, and distribution of vaccines at the appropriate temperature range to ensure their effectiveness and safety. It helps maintain the potency of vaccines and prevent spoilage or degradation due to temperature fluctuations.

Description:The system of storage and transport of vaccines at low temperatures from the manufacturers to the vaccine sites is called: c. Cold chain The cold chain is a well-organized system that includes various components such as refrigerators, freezers, cold rooms, and insulated containers to maintain the required temperature range for vaccines throughout the distribution process, ensuring their effectiveness and safety.

Description:The true statement about BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccination is: d. WHO recommends Danish 1331 strain for vaccine production. The Danish 1331 strain is one of the commonly used strains for BCG vaccine production. The other options are not accurate: a. Distilled water is not typically used as the diluent for BCG vaccine. Usually, saline or another appropriate diluent is used. b. The site of injection for BCG should not be cleaned with spirit or alcohol; it is recommended to keep the area clean but not use alcohol-based disinfectants as they can interfere with the vaccine's effectiveness. c. The Mantoux test may become positive, but the timing can vary. It's not strictly limited to 48 hours after vaccination, and it can take longer for some individuals to show a positive reaction.