Description:The communicable disease that has been eradicated from the world is b. Smallpox. This means that smallpox no longer exists in nature, and there are no reported cases of the disease anywhere in the world. This achievement was made possible through a global vaccination campaign.

Description:Mumps is also called epidemic parotitis. Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands, which are located near the ears. The term "epidemic parotitis" refers to the tendency of mumps to cause outbreaks or epidemics, especially among children.

Description:Tuberculosis is an airborne disease. It is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can be transmitted from person to person through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing infectious droplets into the air. People nearby can then inhale these droplets and become infected with tuberculosis.

Description:Typhoid is not typically prevented using chemoprophylaxis. Chemoprophylaxis is the use of medications to prevent or reduce the risk of certain diseases. It is commonly used for diseases like meningitis, cholera, and diphtheria when there is a specific need, such as during outbreaks or in high-risk populations. However, for typhoid prevention, vaccination is more commonly recommended, and antibiotic prophylaxis is not the primary method of prevention.

Description:The causative organism of diphtheria is c. Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria is a bacterial infection caused by this specific bacterium.

Description:Cross immunity with animal pox virus. Smallpox eradication was primarily due to highly effective vaccination campaigns, the fact that subclinical (asymptomatic) infection does not transmit the disease, and the development of lifelong immunity in individuals who recovered from smallpox or were vaccinated against it. Cross immunity with animal pox viruses did not play a significant role in the eradication of smallpox.

Description:Contaminated food and water is the primary mode of transmission of Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A is a viral infection that is often spread through the consumption of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. It can also be transmitted through close personal contact or sexual contact, but the primary route is through contaminated food and water.

Description:The characteristic rashes present in measles are known as Koplik spots. These are small white or bluish-white spots with a red halo that appear on the inside of the cheeks and are one of the early signs of measles infection.

Description:Meningoencephalitis. Measles can lead to inflammation of the brain and the lining around the brain and spinal cord (meninges), which is called meningoencephalitis. This complication can be severe and potentially life-threatening. While other complications such as pneumonia and secondary bacterial infections can also be serious, meningoencephalitis is among the most severe and concerning complications of measles.

Description:Prodromal stage is when Koplik spots are typically seen in measles. These spots are small white or bluish-white spots with a red halo and appear on the inside of the cheeks and sometimes on the mucous membranes in the mouth. They are considered an early sign of measles and usually precede the characteristic rash of the disease.

Description:Plague is an example of an epidemic disease. Epidemic diseases are characterized by a sudden increase in the number of cases of a particular disease in a specific geographic area or population within a relatively short period of time. Plague is a bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis and can lead to outbreaks or epidemics when conditions are conducive to its transmission, such as in crowded and unsanitary environments.

Description:Leprosy is treated with the drug dapsone. Dapsone is an antibiotic commonly used in the treatment of leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease. It helps control the bacterial infection that causes leprosy and is often used in combination with other medications for effective treatment.

Description:The window period for HIV infection is typically a. 3-12 weeks. This is the time between when a person becomes infected with HIV and when the virus can be reliably detected through standard HIV tests. It can take several weeks for the body to produce enough antibodies against HIV for these tests to yield accurate results. During this window period, an infected individual may test negative for HIV, even though they are carrying the virus.

Description:Smallpox is the disease that was declared eradicated from the world. Smallpox is the first and only human disease to have been successfully eradicated globally. This achievement was officially declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980, following a worldwide vaccination campaign. Guinea worm, polio, and diphtheria have not been eradicated from the world, although efforts have been made to control and eliminate them.

Description:The statement "d. All of the above" is true about measles: a. The incubation period for measles is typically around 10 days. b. Measles is infectious from about 4 days before the rash appears and continues to be contagious until a few days after the rash breaks out. c. Koplik spots, which are small white or bluish-white spots with a red halo, can be seen on the inside of the cheeks and are a characteristic sign of measles.

Description:Trunk and face is where chickenpox rashes typically first appear. Chickenpox is known for causing an itchy rash that often starts on the trunk (chest and back) and then spreads to the face and other parts of the body.

Description: Face is where measles (rubeola) rashes typically first appear. Measles is characterized by a red, blotchy rash that usually begins on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body.

Description: Face is where rubella (German measles) rashes typically first appear. Rubella is characterized by a pink or light red rash that often starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body, including the trunk and extremities.

Description:d. Diarrhea and measles are associated with keratomalacia. Keratomalacia is a condition where the cornea of the eye becomes dry, softens, and may even ulcerate. It is typically caused by a deficiency of vitamin A, which can result from conditions like chronic diarrhea and measles, as these conditions can lead to poor absorption of nutrients, including vitamin A.

Description:The commonest complication of mumps is c. Aseptic meningitis. Mumps is a viral infection that can affect various organs, and one of its common complications is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, which is known as aseptic meningitis. While other complications like parotitis (inflammation of the salivary glands), pancreatitis, and orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) can occur, aseptic meningitis is one of the most frequent complications of mumps.

Description:Multi-drug therapy (MDT) is not typically used to treat pancreatitis. MDT is a treatment approach primarily used for certain infectious diseases, particularly leprosy (Hansen's disease). It involves the simultaneous use of multiple drugs to target the specific bacteria responsible for the disease. Pancreatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas and is usually managed with different treatment approaches, such as dietary changes, pain management, and addressing the underlying causes, which can include alcohol consumption or gallstones.

Description:The type of sample used to isolate polio virus earliest is a. Stool (fecal sample). Polio virus can often be detected in the stool of an infected person, particularly during the early stages of the infection. Stool samples are commonly used for diagnosing and isolating the polio virus to confirm cases of polio.

Description:Poliomyelitis (polio) is the virus that is excreted through feces. Polio is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, which means that the virus is shed in the feces of infected individuals and can contaminate water sources or food. If contaminated items are ingested by others, they can become infected with the polio virus. This is why stool samples are commonly used for diagnosing and monitoring polio infections.

Description:The incubation period of Plasmodium vivax is typically c. 10-14 days. This refers to the time interval between the mosquito bite that transmits the Plasmodium vivax parasite and the appearance of symptoms of malaria in an infected person.

Description:The most effective way of preventing tetanus is through vaccination with d. TT (tetanus toxoid) or a combination vaccine like Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis). Vaccination provides immunity to tetanus and is a crucial measure to prevent this serious and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection. While surgical debridement and cleaning of wounds, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and antibiotics can be part of the treatment for tetanus, prevention through vaccination is the primary and most effective method.