Description:The organism commonly responsible for causing food poisoning among the options provided is: a. Bacteria and virus Bacteria and viruses are the primary culprits when it comes to causing food poisoning. These microorganisms can contaminate food and, when consumed, lead to various symptoms of food poisoning, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. While other organisms like fungi, protozoa, and yeast can also cause food-related illnesses, they are less common than bacteria and viruses in this context.

Description:The organism most commonly responsible for food-borne diseases from undercooked poultry and eggs is: b. Salmonella Salmonella bacteria are often associated with undercooked poultry and eggs and can lead to food-borne illnesses when these foods are not cooked thoroughly. Consumption of contaminated poultry and eggs can result in symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever, which are characteristic of salmonellosis, a common type of food poisoning.

Description:The statement that is NOT true regarding botulinal toxin is: d. It is water-soluble endotoxin Botulinal toxin is not water-soluble; it is actually a protein toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This toxin is neurotoxic and is responsible for botulism, a serious illness that affects the nervous system. Botulinal toxin is not considered an endotoxin, which typically refers to lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, whereas Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium.

Description:The statement that is NOT associated with Clostridium perfringens toxin is: a. Produced by Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens produces its own toxins, which are distinct from those produced by Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium perfringens is indeed a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, but its toxins are not neurotoxic and are not typically described as water-soluble endotoxins. Instead, they are associated with food poisoning and gas gangrene, among other conditions.

Description:Food poisoning bacteria multiply most rapidly at: b. 37℃ The human body temperature is approximately 37℃, which is why many foodborne bacteria thrive and multiply rapidly at this temperature. This is also known as the "danger zone" for food safety, and it's important to keep perishable foods out of this temperature range to prevent the rapid growth of harmful bacteria.

Description:Food poisoning is caused by various microorganisms, but the one that is NOT typically associated with food poisoning is: a. Clostridium difficile Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is mainly responsible for causing a different type of gastrointestinal infection called C. difficile infection (CDI), which is not typically considered a form of food poisoning. The other options, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, are indeed known to cause food poisoning.

Description:Diseases transmitted by water and food are called: d. Vehicle-borne diseases

Description:The drug of choice for preventing the spread of plague to someone who has been in contact with a patient is: d. Tetracycline Tetracycline is the preferred medication for chemoprophylaxis in cases of plague exposure. It helps prevent the development of the disease in individuals who have come into contact with a patient infected with plague. This medication is effective in controlling the spread of the disease.

Description:Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is primarily transmitted by: b. Phlebotomus argentipes Phlebotomus argentipes is the specific sandfly species responsible for transmitting the parasite that causes kala-azar in humans. The other sandfly species mentioned (Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatassi) may be associated with other forms of leishmaniasis but are not the main vectors for kala-azar.

Description:The carrier of the Plague virus is: b. Rats and rodents Rats and rodents, particularly species like the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) that infest these animals, are known to be carriers of the Plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis) and play a significant role in the transmission of the disease to humans through flea bites.

Description:The management of an area with an Annual Parasite Index (API) less than 2 typically includes the following measures: b. Passive surveillance c. Detected cases get radical treatment d. Follow-up blood smears are to be collected. Regular insecticidal spray (option a) is not typically necessary in areas with a low API, as it is primarily used in high-transmission areas to control malaria vectors. In areas with a low API, the focus is often on surveillance, case detection, and appropriate treatment.

Description:The month observed as "anti-malaria month" is: c. June June is recognized as Anti-Malaria Month in various regions and countries. It's a time when awareness campaigns and initiatives are often conducted to educate people about malaria prevention, control, and treatment. The choice of June is often due to the fact that malaria transmission tends to increase during the rainy season in many malaria-endemic areas.

Description:The causative organism of Enterobiasis is: c. Pinworm Enterobiasis, also known as pinworm infection, is caused by the parasitic worm Enterobius vermicularis, commonly referred to as pinworm. These tiny, thread-like worms infect the intestines and are a common cause of gastrointestinal issues in humans, especially in children.

Description:Filarial larvae can be collected from a man's: b. Peripheral blood at midnight Filarial parasites release their larvae (microfilariae) into the bloodstream, and these microfilariae are often more readily detectable in peripheral blood during the nighttime, typically between 10 PM and 2 AM, when they are most active in the bloodstream. This is why blood samples are collected during the nighttime to diagnose filarial infections such as lymphatic filariasis.

Description:The disease caused by nematodes (roundworms) among the options provided is: a. Filariasis Filariasis is a disease caused by filarial nematode worms, such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. These parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites and can lead to lymphatic filariasis, a condition characterized by severe swelling of the limbs and other symptoms. The other diseases listed (amebiasis, dysentery, and polio) are caused by different pathogens (amoebas, bacteria, and viruses) and are not caused by nematodes.

Description:The difference between male and female Ascaris worms (causing ascariasis) is: c. Males are shorter than females and have a curved posterior tail. In Ascaris worms, males are generally shorter than females, and they have a curved posterior (tail) end, whereas females have a straight posterior end. This is one of the distinguishing features used to differentiate between male and female Ascaris worms

Description:The helminth that enters the body of a person through the feet when they walk barefoot in contaminated soil is: a. Hookworm Hookworm infection occurs when the larvae of certain species of hookworms penetrate the skin, often through the feet, and then migrate to the intestines, where they mature into adult worms. This condition is known as cutaneous larva migrans and is a common way hookworm infection is transmitted in areas with poor sanitation and contaminated soil.

Description:The disease that has been eradicated from India is: c. Guinea worm disease Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) has been successfully eradicated from India, thanks to a concerted effort by public health authorities and organizations. The other diseases listed (measles, mumps, and leprosy) are still present in India to varying degrees and have not been completely eradicated.

Description:A Scotch tape swab is used to identify: b. Pinworm Scotch tape swabs, also known as cellophane tape swabs, are commonly used to diagnose pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) infections. This diagnostic method involves applying a piece of transparent tape to the perianal (anal) area to collect pinworm eggs or larvae, which can then be examined under a microscope for confirmation of the infection.

Description:Hookworm penetrates into the body by penetrating the skin of: b. Foot Hookworm larvae typically enter the body through the skin of the foot when a person comes into contact with contaminated soil or sand. This route of entry is known as cutaneous larva migrans, and it's a common mode of transmission for hookworm infections.

Description:‘Chikungunya’ species belongs to Togaviridae family. Dengue and yellow fever species belongs to Flaviviridae family.

Description:Malaria completes its life in mosquito (asexual life cycle) and human being (sexual cycle). So option A is the correct answer.

Description:Biting, regurgitation, scratching in of infective feces and contamination of host with body fluids of vectors are the methods of transmission of infection by vectors.

Description:Kyasanur forest disease is transmitted mainly from the hard ticks particularly by H.spinigera and H. turutura.

Description:Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a tick borne viral hemorrhage fever endemic to south Asia. The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Which also includes yellow fever and dengue fever.