Description:The most common cancer affecting Indian females is breast cancer (Option c).

Description:The most common cancer among women worldwide is breast cancer (Option c).

Description:The best method of screening for early detection of breast carcinoma in women aged above 40 years is mammography (Option c). Mammography is a specialized X-ray technique specifically designed to detect breast cancer at an early stage, making it a highly effective screening tool for older women.

Description:The predisposing factors for carcinoma cervix typically include early marriage, early coitus (sexual intercourse), and early childbearing. However, a single childbirth (Option d) is not considered a significant predisposing factor for cervical cancer. Multiple sexual partners, HPV (human papillomavirus) infection, and smoking are some other factors that can contribute to an increased risk of cervical cancer.

Description:Benzene is associated with leukemia (Option d). Exposure to benzene, often found in various industrial and environmental settings, has been linked to the development of leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is considered a carcinogen (a substance that can cause cancer) with a strong association with blood-related cancers like leukemia, rather than skin cancer, lung cancer, or bladder cancer.

Description:When teaching "survival skills" to a newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patient, the community nurse should include information about: c. Prevention of hypoglycemia It is crucial for individuals with type 1 diabetes to learn how to manage their blood sugar levels and prevent hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), which can have immediate and severe consequences. Education on recognizing and managing hypoglycemia is a fundamental aspect of diabetes self-care. While the other options (a, b, and d) may also be important, preventing hypoglycemia is a top priority as it can lead to serious health complications if not managed properly.

Description:Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects the mean blood glucose level of the previous: c. 3 months HbA1c is a blood test that provides an estimate of an individual's average blood glucose levels over the past three months. It is a valuable tool for assessing long-term glycemic control in people with diabetes.

Description:Among the options provided, the following is not a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus: d. High intake of vitamin A Sedentary lifestyle (Option a), protein-energy malnutrition in infancy (Option b), and excessive intake of alcohol (Option c) are recognized risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus. High intake of vitamin A, however, is not typically considered a risk factor for diabetes mellitus.

Description:The Guthrie test, also known as the newborn screening test, is a blood test performed in neonates to detect certain metabolic disorders, including phenylketonuria (PKU). Early detection and intervention for PKU can prevent intellectual and developmental disabilities in affected individuals.

Description:PKU is one of the most common disorders screened during neonatal screening programs because early detection and intervention can significantly improve outcomes for affected individuals by preventing intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Description:Patient’s weight is 280 pounds (127 kg). so the first lifestyle modification needed is to reduce the weight. Though other options are also recommended for a patient with hypertension, the immediate concern is the patient’s weight.

Description:Primordial prevention focuses on preventing the development of risk factors for a disease or condition before they even occur. In the context of childhood obesity, it involves promoting healthy lifestyles and habits from early childhood to prevent the risk factors that lead to obesity later in life.

Description:A patient is called obese if their BMI (Body Mass Index) is: c. >30 A BMI greater than 30 is typically used as the threshold for classifying someone as obese.

Description:The BMI (Body Mass Index) for normal weight falls within the range: b. 18.5-24.99 This range is commonly used to classify individuals as having a normal weight based on their BMI.

Description:The Broca index is another term used for BMI, named after the French surgeon and anthropologist Paul Broca who contributed to its development. The other options mentioned (Queenlet index, Lorentz index, and Corpulence index) are not commonly used terms for BMI.

Description:BMI (Body Mass Index) is defined as: a. Weight (kg) / (height^2) (in meters) This formula calculates BMI by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters.

Description:The normal range of BMI (Body Mass Index) is: c. 18-25 A BMI within this range is generally considered normal for adults.

Description:The leading cause of blindness in India is not an annual eye checkup (Option b). In fact, annual eye checkups are a preventative measure to detect and address eye issues early. The leading causes of blindness in India are primarily related to eye diseases and conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, and uncorrected refractive errors, among others. Surgery (Option a) may be necessary to treat some of these conditions, but it is not the leading cause of blindness. Options c and d refer to measures related to preventing trachoma, a different eye condition, and may not be the leading cause of blindness in India.

Description:The leading cause of blindness in India is: a. Cataract Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in India and many other parts of the world. Cataracts can be treated with surgery to restore vision.

Description:Cataract is a common eye condition that can develop over time due to various factors, including chronic exposure to poor lighting and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is characterized by clouding of the eye's lens, which can lead to blurred vision and, if left untreated, eventually cause blindness. Miner's nystagmus (Option a) is a condition characterized by involuntary eye movements and is often associated with working in poorly lit conditions, but it is not primarily caused by poor lighting itself.

Description:The most common cause of blindness in India is indeed: a. Cataract Cataract is a leading cause of blindness in India, and it can be effectively treated with surgical intervention to restore vision.

Description:In India, the target diseases included in the Vision 2020 program are: d. All of the above The Vision 2020 program in India aims to address a range of eye health issues, including cataract, refractive errors, and childhood blindness, to improve and preserve vision for the population.

Description:Viral conjunctivitis (Option d) is not typically included as one of the key components or priorities in the Vision 2020 program, which primarily focuses on addressing preventable and treatable causes of blindness and visual impairment. The primary areas of action in Vision 2020 are cataract, refractive errors, childhood blindness, trachoma, and onchocerciasis (river blindness), which are the major causes of avoidable blindness and visual impairment. Viral conjunctivitis is a common but usually temporary and self-limiting condition that is not a major focus of the program.

Description:Epidemic conjunctivitis (Option d) is not typically included in the immediate goals of "Vision 2020 - Right to Sight." The program primarily focuses on addressing the major causes of avoidable blindness and visual impairment, such as cataract, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and other preventable and treatable eye conditions. Epidemic conjunctivitis is usually a temporary and self-limiting condition that is not a major priority within the framework of Vision 2020.

Description:Social stigma felt or assumed in the case of disability by the community can bring: a. Isolation People with disabilities may experience isolation as a result of social stigma, as others may avoid or exclude them due to misconceptions or biases. While serious problems (Option b) and bitterness (Option c) can also be consequences of social stigma, they are not the direct outcome mentioned in the question.