Description:Unpopular beliefs or opinion by an individual is not considered as psychiatric illness. Fixed false belief that is not changed by rational explanation is known as delusion.

Description:Among the options provided, (d) Angina is not a medico-psychiatric condition. Angina is a medical condition related to the heart and is characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is not a psychiatric or mental health condition. The other options (a) Insulinoma, (c) Hyperthyroidism, and (b) Agitated depression are medical and psychiatric conditions.

Description:The state of complete disorganization and confusion which leads to loss of identity and direction is known as: c. Chaos or disruption

Description:A stereotype is a belief that all members of a certain groups act and think in the same fashion.

Description:Linda Richards is considered as the first psychiatric nurse.

Description:Philippe Pinel is considered the father of modern psychiatry. He was a French physician who was born in 1745 and died in 1826. Pinel was a pioneer in the humane treatment of the mentally ill. He believed that mental illness was a medical condition, not a moral or religious failing. Pinel was appointed chief physician at the Bicêtre Hospital in Paris in 1792. At the time, the mentally ill at Bicêtre were treated in a barbaric manner. They were chained, beaten, and left to rot in filthy cells. Pinel was appalled by the conditions he saw, and he quickly set about reforming the hospital. One of the first things Pinel did was to remove the chains from the patients. He also began to provide them with more humane care, such as fresh air, exercise, and nutritious food. Pinel also introduced a new form of therapy called "moral treatment." Moral treatment was based on the idea that mental illness could be cured by providing patients with a safe and supportive environment where they could learn and grow. Pinel's work at Bicêtre had a profound impact on the treatment of the mentally ill. He helped to establish psychiatry as a legitimate medical specialty, and he paved the way for more humane and effective treatments for mental illness. The other answer choices are also important figures in the history of psychiatry, but they are not considered to be the father of modern psychiatry. Benjamin Rush was an American physician who is considered to be the father of American psychiatry. Emil Kraepelin was a German psychiatrist who is best known for his work on the classification of mental illness. William Tuke was an English Quaker who is considered to be the founder of the moral treatment movement.

Description:Self-awareness is the ability to be aware of one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It is an important skill for mental health nurses, as it allows them to better understand their patients and to build strong therapeutic relationships.

Description:Mental illness is a medical condition that disrupts a person's thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, or ability to relate to others. It can cause mild to severe impairment and can affect people of all ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. While there is no cure for all mental illnesses, many can be effectively managed with medication, therapy, or a combination of both. With the right treatment, most people with mental illness can live full and productive lives.

Description:The term "psychiatry" was coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808. Reil was a pioneer in the field of mental health and is considered to be one of the founders of modern psychiatry. He believed that mental illness was a disease of the brain and that it should be treated medically. The other answer choices are not correct. Skinner and Freud were both psychologists, not psychiatrists. Bluer was a psychiatrist, but he did not coin the term "psychiatry." Psychiatry is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness. Psychiatrists are physicians who have completed specialized training in psychiatry. They use a variety of methods to treat mental illness, including medication, therapy, and a combination of both. Psychiatry is an important field of medicine that helps millions of people to recover from mental illness and to live healthy and fulfilling lives.

Description:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981 was awarded to Roger W. Sperry for his research on the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres. Sperry's work on split-brain patients, who have had their corpus callosum severed to treat epilepsy, provided groundbreaking insights into the different functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain. He discovered that the left hemisphere is responsible for language, logic, and analytical thinking, while the right hemisphere is responsible for spatial awareness, creativity, and holistic thinking. Sperry's work has had a profound impact on our understanding of the brain and how it works. His research has also led to the development of new treatments for a variety of neurological conditions. The other answer choices are not correct. Morgia, Penfield, and Gazzaniga were all prominent neuroscientists who made important contributions to the field, but they did not receive the Nobel Prize for their work on split-brain.

Description:The author who propounded psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud, so the correct answer is option a.

Description:The father of the Intelligence test is Alfred Binet, so the correct answer is option a.

Description:Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who is considered the father of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind. Freud developed psychoanalysis in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jacobson, Frankin, and Aristotle were not involved in the development of psychoanalytic therapy. Jacobson was a psychoanalyst who developed a theory of object relations. Frankin was the founder of logotherapy, a type of psychotherapy that focuses on meaning and purpose in life. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who lived in the 4th century BC.

Description:The cognitive model of depression was developed by Aaron T. Beck. Beck is a psychiatrist and cognitive therapist who is considered one of the pioneers of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Skinner was a psychologist who developed the theory of behaviorism. Cerletti was a psychiatrist who invented electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Freud was a psychologist who developed the theory of psychoanalysis. The cognitive model of depression suggests that negative thoughts and beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future can lead to depression.

Description:In Erikson's theory, adolescents develop a sense of identity, so the correct answer is option c

Description:The structural model is a theory of personality that suggests that the mind is made up of three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the primitive and instinctive part of the personality. It is driven by the pleasure principle, which means that it seeks immediate gratification of needs and desires, without regard for the consequences. The ego is the rational and decision-making part of the personality. It is responsible for negotiating between the demands of the id and the superego, and for ensuring that the individual's behavior is realistic and socially acceptable. The superego is the moral and ethical part of the personality. It is responsible for internalizing the values and rules of society, and for judging the individual's behavior against these standards.

Description:In this stage, the grieving person may feel angry at the person who died, at themselves, at God, or at the world in general. They may also feel angry at their own feelings of grief, or at the fact that they have to go on living without their loved one.

Description:Clay association is a technique used in art therapy, not in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that focuses on the unconscious mind. Psychotherapists use a variety of techniques to help clients access and understand their unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Description:By the age of 35, most people have already acquired object permanence and developed the ability to think logically and systematically. However, cognitive development is a lifelong process, and people can continue to generate new levels of awareness throughout their lives. Generating new levels of awareness can involve becoming more conscious of one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It can also involve becoming more aware of the world around us and our place in it.

Description:The id is the primitive and instinctive part of the personality. It is driven by the pleasure principle, which means that it seeks immediate gratification of needs and desires, without regard for the consequences. The ego is the rational and decision-making part of the personality. It is responsible for negotiating between the demands of the id and the superego, and for ensuring that the individual's behavior is realistic and socially acceptable. The superego is the moral and ethical part of the personality. It is responsible for internalizing the values and rules of society, and for judging the individual's behavior against these standards.

Description:dentity versus role confusion is the fifth stage of development in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. It occurs during adolescence, between the ages of approximately 12 and 18. During adolescence, young people are developing their own sense of identity. They are trying to figure out who they are, what they believe in, and what they want to do with their lives. They are also exploring different roles and identities, such as student, athlete, artist, and friend. It is normal for adolescents to experience some role confusion during this stage. They may feel unsure about who they are and what they want to do with their lives. They may also feel pressured to conform to different expectations from their parents, peers, and society. However, if an adolescent is unable to develop a strong sense of identity, they may experience role confusion. This can lead to feelings of isolation, anxiety, and depression. It is important for parents and other adults to support adolescents during this stage of development. They can do this by helping adolescents to explore different identities and roles, and by providing them with opportunities to develop their unique talents and abilities.

Description:As per Freudian theory, a male child's unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and the wish to exclude the parent of the same sex is known as the Oedipus complex

Description:The ego is the part of the personality that is responsible for mediating between the demands of the id and the superego, as well as the demands of reality. It is also responsible for planning, problem-solving, and decision-making. The id is the most primitive part of the personality and is driven by the pleasure principle, which seeks immediate gratification of all needs and desires. The superego is the moralistic part of the personality and is driven by the conscience, which internalizes society's moral standards. The unconscious is the part of the mind that contains thoughts, feelings, and memories that are beyond our conscious awareness. According to psychoanalytic theory, the ability to tolerate frustration is a function of the ego. The ego is able to delay gratification and accept that not all needs and desires can be met immediately. This is because the ego is able to take into account the demands of reality and the superego, as well as the needs of the id.

Description:Mediating frustration within the real world is an ego function.

Description:Conscious: The conscious mind is the part of the mind that we are aware of at any given time. It includes our thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Preconscious: The preconscious mind is the part of the mind that is not currently conscious, but can be easily brought into consciousness. It includes memories, thoughts, and feelings that are just below the surface of awareness. Unconscious: The unconscious mind is the part of the mind that is not accessible to consciousness. It includes thoughts, feelings, and memories that have been repressed or are too painful to be acknowledged.