Description:Rationalization is a psychological defense mechanism that involves providing logical-sounding explanations or justifications for one's actions, decisions, or failures in order to make them appear more acceptable or reasonable. When someone uses rationalization as an excuse for not being able to solve a problem, they are essentially trying to make themselves feel better about their inability to solve the problem by coming up with a seemingly valid reason or explanation for their failure. This helps them preserve their self-esteem and reduce feelings of guilt or inadequacy.

Description:Conversion is a defense mechanism where emotional distress or anxiety is converted into physical symptoms or disabilities. These physical symptoms often have no apparent medical or neurological basis and can include things like paralysis, blindness, or seizures. Conversion is thought to be a way for the individual to cope with or express their emotional distress in a more acceptable or tangible form, rather than directly acknowledging and dealing with the underlying psychological issues.

Description:Defense mechanism operate at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feeling, (i.e anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual.

Description:The rechanneling of socially unacceptable drives into activities that are more tolerable and constructive is known as "Sublimation" (Option b). Sublimation is a defense mechanism in which individuals redirect their potentially harmful or unacceptable impulses or desires into socially acceptable and productive outlets. This allows them to satisfy their inner drives in a way that is beneficial to themselves and society, rather than engaging in behaviors that could lead to negative consequences or social disapproval.

Description:Displacement is a defense mechanism where individuals redirect their emotions, especially negative or hostile ones, from their original source or target onto a different, usually less threatening target. In this case, the individual is expressing their emotions toward someone or something other than the primary source of their feelings.

Description:Attributing unacceptable feeling to others is the mechanism known as projection.

Description:Projection is a defense mechanism that involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and imposing them to other people.

Description:The mechanism of finding a logical reason for the things one wants to do, often when they are unable to achieve their goals, is known as the "Rationalization" mechanism. It is not referred to as the "sour grapes" mechanism.

Description:Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively inaccessible areas of the subconscious mind.

Description:Intellectualization is a defense mechanism where reasoning is used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict and is associated with emotional stress where thinking is used to avoid feeling. The given situation refers to an intellectualization.

Description:In displacement one’s pent-up feelings are discharged from threatening person to less threatening individuals.

Description:Patient with hypochondriasis believe that their physical symptoms are having some underlying pathology, but wherever the doctor says everything is normal and there is no underlying pathology, and the cause may be psychological they deny the words of doctor and go to another doctor.

Description:Going back to the earlier stages of development is the characteristic of regression. Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings is repression. Projection means attributing to another person feeling or impulses.

Description:The defense mechanism that allows individuals to convert their unacceptable behavior into an acceptable form is "Sublimation" (Option b). Sublimation involves redirecting potentially harmful or socially unacceptable impulses or desires into socially acceptable and constructive activities. This allows individuals to channel their inner drives in a way that is beneficial to themselves and society, rather than engaging in behaviors that could lead to negative consequences or social disapproval.

Description:The unconscious exclusion (forgetting) of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind is known as "Repression" (Option a). Repression is a defense mechanism that involves pushing these distressing or unwanted thoughts and memories into the unconscious mind to avoid facing or dealing with them consciously. This mechanism is often used to protect the individual from emotional discomfort or psychological distress.

Description:Individuals attributing their own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person is known as "Projection" (Option b). Projection is a defense mechanism in which individuals unconsciously attribute their own undesirable or unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives to someone else. This helps them avoid confronting these thoughts or feelings within themselves and can lead to a distortion of reality.

Description:A patient who is newly diagnosed with cancer frequently uses the defense mechanism of "Denial" (Option c). Denial is a common defense mechanism in which individuals refuse to accept or acknowledge a distressing or threatening reality, often as a way to cope with the emotional impact of the situation. In the case of a newly diagnosed cancer patient, denial may involve refusing to believe or accept the diagnosis as a way to temporarily reduce anxiety and fear.

Description:A mechanism designed to reduce stress and conflict caused by a specific experience is known as a "Defense Mechanism" (Option b). Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that individuals unconsciously use to protect themselves from distressing emotions or thoughts. These mechanisms help alleviate anxiety and maintain a person's psychological equilibrium when faced with challenging situations or emotions.

Description:Repression refers to: b. Unconscious exclusion of bad memories that cause anxiety from the mind. Repression is a defense mechanism in which distressing or unwanted thoughts, memories, or feelings are pushed into the unconscious mind without the person's conscious awareness as a way to avoid dealing with the anxiety or discomfort associated with them.

Description:The client with substance use disorder who joins a self-help group and preaches against substance abuse is likely demonstrating the use of "Reaction Formation" (Option c). Reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which an individual expresses feelings or beliefs that are the opposite of their true feelings. In this case, the client may be trying to mask their own struggles with substance abuse by passionately advocating against it, which is a way to cope with their inner conflicts and feelings of guilt or shame.

Description:A conscious exclusion (forgetting) of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings is known as "Suppression" (Option b). Suppression involves intentionally and consciously pushing aside or avoiding thoughts or feelings to manage or cope with them. Unlike repression, which is an unconscious mechanism, suppression is a deliberate effort to temporarily set aside unwanted or distressing thoughts or emotions.

Description:The defense mechanism used by the surgeon in this scenario is "Projection" (Option d). Projection is a defense mechanism in which individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives to someone else. In this case, the surgeon is blaming the theatre nurse for the patient's lack of response instead of acknowledging their own responsibility or any potential mistakes. This allows the surgeon to protect their self-esteem and avoid facing the anxiety or guilt associated with the situation.

Description:Mr. Prakash's statement, "I don't cry because my wife can't bear it," is an example of "Rationalization" (Option c). Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which individuals provide logical-sounding explanations or justifications for their actions or feelings, often to make them appear more acceptable or reasonable. In this case, Mr. Prakash is rationalizing his behavior of not crying by attributing it to concern for his wife's feelings, even though the true reasons for not crying may be different.

Description:The defense mechanism against feeling of inferiority and inadequacy is known as "Compensation" (Option d). Compensation is a psychological defense mechanism in which individuals try to overcome feelings of inferiority or inadequacy in one area by excelling or achieving success in another area. It involves the conscious effort to offset perceived weaknesses or deficiencies with strengths or achievements, often to boost self-esteem and self-worth.

Description:The defense mechanism in which controversial behavior or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner is known as "Rationalization" (Option b). Rationalization involves providing logical-sounding explanations or justifications for one's actions, feelings, or decisions to make them appear more acceptable or reasonable, even if they may not be in reality. This mechanism helps individuals reduce discomfort or guilt associated with their behavior or feelings.