Description:Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is characterized by several symptoms. These symptoms can include delusions (strongly held false beliefs), auditory hallucinations (hearing voices or sounds that aren't real), and catatonia (abnormal motor behavior, such as immobility or repetitive movements). However, one symptom that is NOT typically associated with schizophrenia is elation, which refers to an intense feeling of happiness or euphoria. So, the correct answer is c. Schizophrenia is not characterized by elation.

Description:The characteristic clinical manifestation of schizophrenia is often auditory hallucinations, which means that individuals with schizophrenia may hear voices or sounds that are not real. These hallucinations are a hallmark symptom of the disorder. Therefore, the correct answer is c. Auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia is not typically characterized by confusion or anxiety, and visual hallucinations are less common than auditory ones in this condition.

Description:The most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is auditory hallucinations. These hallucinations involve hearing voices or sounds that are not real and are a prominent feature of the disorder. So, the correct answer is a. Auditory hallucinations. While visual, olfactory (smell-related), and tactile (touch-related) hallucinations can also occur in schizophrenia, they are less common than auditory hallucinations.

Description:Rapid onset of symptoms is not typically associated with a poor prognosis in schizophrenia. In fact, a more gradual onset of symptoms is often considered a better prognostic indicator. The other factors listed (b. Family history of schizophrenia, c. Predominantly negative symptoms, and d. Onset of illness in early age) are generally associated with a poorer outcome in schizophrenia.

Description:Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution, conspiracy, or grandiosity, along with auditory hallucinations. It is one of the subtypes of schizophrenia and tends to have a more stable course compared to some other subtypes like hebephrenic, catatonic, or simple schizophrenia.

Description:Waxy flexibility, a characteristic of catatonic schizophrenia, is described as a psychomotor symptom where a person with catatonia can exhibit a decreased response to external stimuli and can maintain positions or postures that they are placed in, almost like their limbs have a "waxy" quality.

Description:Automatism is not typically considered one of the classical 4 A's of schizophrenia. Instead, it refers to involuntary, mechanical, or repetitive behaviors often seen in various neurological or psychiatric conditions, but it is not one of the core features used to describe schizophrenia.

Description:Ambivalence in schizophrenia refers to the coexistence of conflicting emotions, attitudes, or motivations, which can contribute to the complexity of thoughts and behaviors seen in individuals with this disorder. While ambivalence can occur in other mental health conditions to some extent, it is most closely associated with schizophrenia.

Description:Schizophrenia with early onset and poor prognosis is often associated with the hebephrenic subtype of schizophrenia. Hebephrenic schizophrenia, also known as disorganized schizophrenia, is characterized by early onset of symptoms, disorganized thinking and behavior, flat or inappropriate affect, and often a poor prognosis in terms of long-term functioning and recovery.

Description:Grimacing and mannerisms are characteristic features of catatonic schizophrenia. In catatonic schizophrenia, individuals may display a range of motor abnormalities, including grimacing (facial contortions) and mannerisms (repetitive, purposeless movements or gestures).

Description:Schizophrenia is a functional psychosis. Functional psychoses are a category of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thinking and perception that are not directly related to an underlying medical condition. Schizophrenia is one of the most well-known functional psychoses and is characterized by a range of symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social and occupational functioning.

Description:This theory suggests that an overactivity or excess of dopamine neurotransmission in certain brain pathways is associated with the development of schizophrenia symptoms. It's important to note that while this theory has been influential in understanding schizophrenia, it is not the only factor involved in the disorder's complex etiology, and other neurotransmitters and factors are also considered in its development.

Description:Expressed emotions specifically describe a family environment characterized by high levels of criticism, hostility, and overinvolvement toward a family member with schizophrenia. Research has shown that such a negative and emotionally charged family environment can contribute to increased relapse rates and poorer outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia.

Description:Social factors, such as a supportive and structured social environment, access to social services, and involvement in psychosocial interventions, can play a crucial role in the treatment and management of schizophrenia. These factors can help individuals with schizophrenia maintain stability, adhere to treatment plans, and improve their overall quality of life. Genetic, emotional, and physical factors are important considerations in understanding schizophrenia but are not themselves therapeutic interventions.

Description:Psychosomatic disorders are characterized by physical symptoms or illnesses that are influenced or caused by psychological or emotional factors. These emotional factors can manifest as physical symptoms in the body, and treating the underlying emotional issues is often a key part of managing psychosomatic disorders. Genetic, social, and physical factors can play a role in a person's overall health and susceptibility to illness, but in psychosomatic disorders, the emphasis is on the connection between emotional factors and physical symptoms.

Description:Pretending to be ill without any physical cause is called malingering.

Description:Organic psychosis refers to mental disorders that are primarily caused by underlying medical or physical conditions, such as brain injuries, infections, or metabolic disorders. These conditions can lead to cognitive impairments, including disturbances in orientation (awareness of one's surroundings), memory, and intelligence. In contrast, functional psychoses like schizophrenia or mood disorders are not primarily caused by underlying medical conditions and often do not involve significant impairments in these cognitive functions. Delusions and anxiety disorders may have cognitive components, but they are not primarily characterized by disturbances in orientation, memory, and intelligence.

Description:Supportive confrontation is a therapeutic technique that involves gently challenging a client's distorted thinking or behavior. It is important to be supportive and respectful when using supportive confrontation, as people with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) are often very sensitive to criticism.

Description:People with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) often have difficulty understanding and responding to emotions, including their own. They may also have difficulty following social rules and norms. When asked why people find them repulsive, a person with ASPD is most likely to react defensively. They may deny that there is anything wrong with their behavior, or they may blame others for being too sensitive. They may also become angry or aggressive. People with ASPD are less likely to experience embarrassment, shame, or remorse. These emotions are all based on a sense of empathy and concern for others, which people with ASPD typically lack.

Description:Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a personality disorder that is characterized by odd or eccentric behavior. People with SPD often have difficulty forming and maintaining close relationships. They may also have difficulty trusting others and may be suspicious of their motives. During social situations, people with SPD may exhibit paranoid thoughts. They may believe that others are judging them or talking about them behind their backs. They may also feel uncomfortable or anxious in social situations.

Description:Dependent personality disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of, a fear of abandonment, and a difficulty making decisions without reassurance from others. Individuals with this disorder often go to great lengths to maintain relationships and seek approval and support from others. Avoiding relationships is not typical of dependent personality disorder; instead, individuals with this disorder tend to be overly reliant on relationships and have difficulty being on their own. Recurrent self-destructive behavior, showing interest in solitary activities, and an inability to make choices and decisions without advice are not necessarily primary indicators of ineffective individual coping in the context of this personality disorder.

Description:Threats of self-harm or suicidal ideation in individuals with borderline personality disorder should always be taken seriously. The nurse should engage in a therapeutic conversation with the client to understand the underlying feelings, reasons behind the threat, and the client's emotional state. This allows for a better assessment of the client's safety and helps in determining the appropriate course of action, whether it involves extending the stay, involving family members, or implementing a safety plan. Ignoring such statements is not a recommended approach, as it could pose serious risks to the client's well-being.

Description:Confronting the behavior in a therapeutic and supportive manner can help the client become more self-aware of their actions, emotions, and the impact of their behavior on themselves and others. This increased self-awareness is an important step in the treatment of borderline personality disorder, as it can lead to a better understanding of the underlying issues and facilitate the development of healthier coping strategies. While confronting the behavior may also indirectly help with other aspects like controlling anger, reducing anxiety, and setting realistic goals, the primary aim is to promote self-awareness and personal growth.

Description:The disorder in which a person runs away from home, adopts a new identity, and experiences complete amnesia about their earlier life is known as: a. Dissociative fugue

Description:A person who is aloof, isolated, and does not socialize falls into the category of: a. Withdrawn